Changi beach : 07-09-25

Plotosus" refers to a genus of eeltail catfishes, with Plotosus lineatus (striped eel catfish) being the most prominent species known for its invasive spread in the Mediterranean and its venomous spines.

Plotosus are eeltail catfishes, a family known for their long, tapering bodies, scaleless skin, and continuous dorsal, caudal, and anal fins.

Members of the genus Plotosus possesses highly venomous spines that they can use to sting when threatened. The venom can cause mild to severe symptoms in humans.

Plotosus lineatus, commonly known as the striped eel catfish, is a species of eeltail catfishes belonging to the family Plotosidae.

P. lineatus is native to the Indo-Pacific but has become introduced to the Mediterranean via the Suez Canal as a Lessepsian migrant, it possesses highly venomous spines on its dorsal and pectoral fins that can cause pain if a human is stung.

Plotosus lineatus can reach a maximum length of 32 cm (13 in). The body is brown with cream-colored or white longitudinal bands. The most striking feature of this species is in the fins, in fact the second dorsal, caudal and anal are fused together as in eels.

The rest of the body is quite similar to a freshwater catfish, the mouth is surrounded by four pairs of barbels, four on the upper jaw and four on the lower jaw. The first dorsal and each of the pectoral fins have a highly venomous spine.

Juveniles of Plotosus lineatus form dense ball-shaped schools of about 100 fish, while adults are solitary or occur in smaller groups of around 20 and are known to hide under ledges during the day.

Adult P. lineatus search and stir the sand incessantly for crustaceans, mollusks, worms, and sometimes fish. P. lineatus is an oviparous fish, this species has demersal eggs and planktonic larvae. It has evolved long ampullary canals in its electrosensory organs (originally termed "ampullae of Lorenzini").

P. lineatus occurs in the Indo-centric Pacific, in the western Pacific Ocean, in Southeast Asia such as Singapore, and is recorded since 2002 in the eastern Mediterranean Sea where it is now common from Levantine waters to the Gulf of Gabes.

It sometimes enters freshwaters in East Africa and Madagascar. P. lineatus is found in coral reefs and is also found in estuaries, tide pools and open coasts.

P. lineatus has venomous spines on their fins that they use to sting for self-defense. Their skin also possess cells that secrete venom.

The venom is composed of crinotoxins and plototoxins, which are mainly hemolytic but are also edema-forming, nociceptive, and tetanic.

Symptoms of P. lineatus stings range from mild to severe symptoms, they include extreme pain, dizziness, erythema, edema, necrosis, numbness, vomiting, muscle spasms, respiratory distress, shock, and sepsis. Though dangerous to humans, no human deaths have been recorded from the stings

Phylum : Chordata

Class : Actinopterygii

Order : Siluriformes

Family : Plotosidae

Genus : Plotosus

Species : P. lineatus

Binomial name : Plotosus lineatus

(Thunberg, 1787)

T7 : 09-03-25

Channa is a genus of predatory fish in the family Channidae, commonly known as snakeheads, native to freshwater habitats in Asia.

This genus contains about 50 scientifically described species. The genus has a wide natural distribution extending from Iraq in the west, to Indonesia and China in the east, and parts of Siberia in the Far East.

A particularly high richness of species exists in Myanmar (Burma) and northeastern India, and many Channa species live nowhere else. In contrast, a few widespread species have been introduced to several regions outside their natural range, where they often become invasive.

The large and medium-sized Channa species are among the most common staple food fish in several Asian countries, and they are extensively cultured.

Apart from their importance as a food fish, snakeheads are consumed in some regions as a traditional medicine for wound healing and reducing postoperative pain and discomfort, it is also collected for the international aquarium pet trade.

Channa gachua, the dwarf snakehead, is a species of fish in the family Channidae. The name "dwarf snakehead" is also used for several other species of small snakeheads.

C. gachua body slender, head broad and flattened. Body pale brown, dorsal, caudal and anal fins green to bluish with bright red or orange margins, pectoral fins with black bars.

There is a distinct genetic split between western and eastern populations (the distribution of the two approach each other in Myanmar). As a consequence some recognize them as separate species with western being C. gachua and eastern being C. limbata.

A few species such as Channa harcourtbutleri have been separated from the complex in recent decades. The easternmost population of C. gachua is often recognized as a separate species C. limbata , while the isolated Sri Lankan population often is recognized as C. kelaartii.

The isolated Sri Lankan population is also highly distinctive from a geneticgenetic8 point of view, leading some to recognize it as C. kelaartii. Despite the deep genetic splits between these populations, their morphology is very similar.

C. gachua is native to freshwater habitats in southern Asia where it has a wide distribution from Iran to Indonesia.

This fish is considered to be a species complex, a group of several closely related taxa with one name. It is likely at least three to four different species, and further research may differentiate them.

This species can reach 28 cm (11 in) in total length, but most individuals are much smaller.

Channa gachua eastern species C. limbata primarily consumes terrestrial insects and smaller fish, with studies showing a significant portion of their diet also includes aquatic weeds, other potential prey includes crustaceans, frogs and tadpoles. Occasionally, they may prey on small snakes.

The genus channa snakeheads species is a mouthbrooder, with the male brooding the eggs and juveniles in his mouth. Males have more-extended dorsal and anal fins than females, and develop more intense color pattern.

Phylum : Chordata

Class : Actinopterygii

Order : Anabantiformes

Family : Channidae

Genus : Channa

Species : C. gachua

Binomial name Channa gachua

(F. Hamilton, 1822)

Eastern species : C. limbata.

Changi beach : 07-09-25

The Batrachomoeus genus contains species of toadfishes, which are marine and brackish-water fish belonging to the family Batrachoididae.

The genus includes species such as the Three-spined Frogfish (Batrachomoeus trispinosus) and Dahl's Frogfish (Batrachomoeus dahli).

These fish are found in the Indo-Pacific region and are known for inhabiting various marine environments, from intertidal zones to reefs.

These fish are primarily found in tropical, brackish, and marine habitats including estuaries, mangroves, and reefs. They are generally inactive during the day, spending time hiding, but become more active at night.

They are carnivorous, feeding on shrimp, krill, and pieces of fish. Batrachomoeus trispinosus, commonly known as the Three-spined toadfish or Three-spined frogfish and Broadbent's frogfish is a species of Indo-Pacific toadfish found in brackish estuaries and reefs native to the Indo-Pacific region, from the largely Old World subfamily, Halophryninae, of the family Batrachoididae.

It has a distinctive broad head, a very wide mouth, and typically grows to about 30cm in length. It is a medium-sized toadfish and can be identified by a small pore located on the upper part of its pectoral-fin axil. B.trispinosus is characterized by its broad, flattened head, wide mouth, and dorsal spines that can cause injury. It inhabits reefs, mangrove estuaries, and river systems, feeding on crustaceans and mollusks, and is known to produce unique calls for communication.

It is said to be the only fish known to cry like a baby and produce complex non-linear calls. Others fish can only make simple linear sounds but human babies and other mammals use non-linear sounds in their calls, in which other animals associate such non-linear sounds with a sense of emotional urgency.

Batrachomoeus trispinosus, the three-spined toadfish, inhabits the Indo-West Pacific region in various marine and brackish environments, including intertidal areas, mangrove estuaries, shallow coastal waters, reefs, and offshore trawling grounds, typically found over muddy or sandy bottoms. These bottom-dwellers often shelter under rocks, in crevices, or bury themselves in sediment.

Batrachomoeus trispinosus is sometimes called a "Stonefish," particularly the "Freshwater Stonefish," due to its excellent camouflage as a rock and its habit of lurking on the seabed. However, it is not a true stonefish (genus Synanceia), but rather a type of toadfish from the family Batrachoididae, which shares a similar sedentary lifestyle and camouflage with the venomous true stonefish.

B. trispinosus camouflage can perfectly resemble rocks, hiding among them or in sandy, muddy environments. It's an ambush predator that remains still, waiting for prey to come close. The three-spined toadfish (Batrachomoeus trispinosus) is found in the Indo-West Pacific, including countries like Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, and the coasts of northern Australia and New Guinea.

Phylum : Chordata

Class : Actinopterygii

Order : Batrachoidiformes

Family : Batrachoididae

Genus : Batrachomoeus

Species : B. trispinosus

Binomial name Batrachomoeus trispinosus

(Günther, 1861)

Rifle range : 04-05-25

Striuntius is a genus of freshwater ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Cyprinidae, the family which includes the carps, barbs and related species. Genus of this fishes are found in Southeast Asia.

The spanner barb (Striuntius lateristriga), or T-barb, is a species of cyprinid fish native to the Malay Peninsula and the island of Borneo. It can reach a length of 18 centimetres (7.1 in) TL. This species can also be found in the aquarium trade.

This species Striuntius lateristriga prefers areas with plentiful boulders and rocky stream beds. They are native to the Malay Peninsula and Borneo.

S. lateristriga inhabitant of clear streams in mountain areas, particularly common at the base of waterfalls, its diet consists of invertebrates as insects, worms and crustaceans as well as plant material.

During reproduction the spanner barb S. lateristriga scatters it eggs in the substrate and then abandons them.

Phylum : Chordata

Class : Actinopterygii

Order : Cypriniformes

Family : Cyprinidae

Genus : Striuntius

Species : S. lateristriga

Binomial name : Striuntius lateristriga

(Valenciennes, 1842)

Synonyms

• Barbus lateristriga Valenciennes, 1842

• Puntius lateristriga (Valenciennes, 1842)

• Systomus lateristriga (Valenciennes, 1842)

• Barbodes lateristriga (Valenciennes, 1842)

Barbodes is a genus of small to medium-sized cyprinid fish native to tropical Asia.

The majority of the species are from Southeast Asia. Many species are threatened and some from the

Philippines (Lake Lanao) are already extinct.

Barbodes rhombeus is a species of cyprinid fish native to the Southeast Asian countries of Cambodia, Laos

and Thailand where it inhabits in shallow clear hill streams.

This species can reach a length of 6.5 centimetres (2.6 in) SL. In Malaysia and Singapore, it is an introduced alien species but has a restricted distribution.

Body measurements are similar to other members of the Binototus group with a body coloration of a light greenish brown to silver.

The identifying trait is the small black spot below the dorsal fin and another black spot at the base of the caudal fin. An additional dark line running down the flank may be present in some specimens.

Phylum : Chordata

Class : Actinopterygii

Order : Cypriniformes

Family : Cyprinidae

Genus : Barbodes

Species : B. rhombeus

Binomial name : Barbodes rhombeus

(Kottelat, 2000)

Synonyms :

Puntius rhombeus Kottelat, 2000

Clarias is a genus of catfishes (order Siluriformes) of the family Clariidae, the airbreathing catfishes.

The name is derived from the Greek chlaros, which means lively, in reference to the ability of the fish to live for a long time out of water.

They are found in inland waters throughout much of the Old World, and are one of the most widespread catfish genera in the world.

The genus is found in Southeast Asia and East Asia westwards through India and the Asia Minor to Africa. The diversity of these catfishes is highest in Africa. Some (notably the walking catfish) have become pest species where they have been accidentally introduced, and particularly in Cuba, where their introduction was intentional.

Clarias species are recognized by their long-based dorsal and anal fins, which give them a rather eel-like appearance. These fish have slender bodies, a flat, bony head, and a broad, terminal mouth with four pairs of barbels. They also have a large, accessory breathing organ composed of modified gill arches. Also, only the pectoral fins have spines.

The Forest Walking Catfish is a species from the forest streams where it often lies concealed amongst leaf litter and other debris. As with most catfish it feeds on benthic organisms.

Clarias leiacanthus is a species of ray-finned fishes in the family labyrinth catfishes. They are associated with freshwater habitat. Individuals can grow to 33.0 cm. They have sexual reproduction.

There is a gap between the start of the dorsal fin and the reddish-brown, exposed bony plates of the skull. The dorsal fin extends along most of the vertebral line, but is not fused with the small, rounded tail fin. The four pairs of barbels are long, straight and stiff, the flanks are olive-brown and are adorned with vertical lines of pale spots.

It can be found in Asia, Sumatra, Borneo,Thailand, Kapuas River in West Kalimantan and Indonesia.

Phylum : Chordata

Class : Actinopterygii

Order : Siluriformes

Family : Clariidae

Genus : Clarias

Scopoli, 1777

Type species : Clarias

leiacanthus Bleeker, 1851

Mudskippers are amphibious fish. They are of the family Oxudercidae and the subfamily Oxudercinae.

An intertidal and amphibious air-breather that actively shuttles back and forth between rockpools and air. They are rank amongst the most fascinating of intertidal life of mangrove and mudflat habitats.

There are 23 living species of mudskipper. They are known for their unusual appearance and their ability to survive both in and out of water, it can grow up to 30 centimetres (12 in) long and most are a brownish green colour that range anywhere from dark to light.

During mating season the males will also develop brightly coloured spots in order to attract females. The spots can be red, green or blue.

A mudskipper's eyes protrude from the tops of its flat head. Their most noticeable feature however is their side pectoral fins that are located more forward and under their elongated body. These fins function similarly to legs in that they allow the mudskipper to move from place to place.

Although having the typical appearance of any other fish, these forward fins allow the mudskipper to “skip” across muddy surfaces and even give them the ability to climb trees and low branches.

Mudskippers typically live in burrows in intertidal habitats, and exhibit unique adaptations to this environment that are not found in most intertidal fishes, which typically survive the retreat of the tide by hiding under wet seaweed or in tide pools.

These burrows are most often characterised by their smooth and vaulted ceilings. The way the males dig these burrows has been found to be directly linked to their ability to survive submerged in almost anoxic water. It has also been found to play a crucial role in the development of the eggs within the burrow.

Boleophthalmus is a genus of mudskippers native to the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific Ocean. It Inhabits brackish water of estuaries and freshwater tidal zone, occurs in burrows and is often found on mudflats in extremely shallow water where it browses on algae.

The Blue-spotted Mudskipper Boleophthalmus boddarti (Boddart's goggle-eyed goby) is amongst the most conspicuous of its kind and, if present, is easily seen at low tide when active on exposed mudflats. At high tide they remain in their burrows, hidden from sight.

The eyes are large and bulging, species reaches around 20 cm in total length, and is boldly patterned with diagonal rows of blue spots along the flanks and scattered spots on the cheeks. Dark bands are generally present on the flanks too.

In some areas a similar and closely related species, Boleophthalmus pectinirostris ('Great Blue-spotted Mudskipper'), may live alongside this species.

The Blue-spotted Mudskipper is highly territorial, and skirmishes between neighbouring males are frequent.

During such confrontations both dorsal fins are raised as a threat. At this time the soft fin spines running through the anterior dorsal fin are easily seen. Males also raise their dorsal fins and leap into the air to attract a female, who is then escorted to the burrow for mating.

Observations suggest these mudskippers feed both on plant material as well as small invertebrates.

The Blue-spotted Mudskipper is found in Singapore and is widely distributed in coastal Southeast Asia and beyond, from India in the west to at least Indochina, Borneo and New Guinea in the east. In parts of Peninsular Malaysia it is locally abundant.

Phylum : Chordata

Class : Actinopterygii

Order : Gobiiformes

Family : Oxudercidae

Subfamily : Oxudercinae

Gunther 1861

Genus : Boleophthalmus

Valenciennes, 1837

Species : Boleophthalmus boddarti (Pallas, 1770)

The snakeheads are members of the freshwater perciform fish family Channidae, native to parts of Africa and Asia. These elongated, predatory fish are distinguished by their long dorsal fins, large mouths, and shiny teeth. 

They breathe air with gills, which allows them to migrate short distances over land. They have suprabranchial organs, which are primitive forms of labyrinth organs, that develop when they grow older.

The two extant genera are Channa in Asia and Parachanna in Africa, consisting of more than 50 species. Channa striata, the striped snakehead is a species of snakehead fish. It is also known as the common snakehead, chevron snakehead, or snakehead murrel and generally referred simply as mudfish. It is native to South and Southeast Asia, and has been introduced to some Pacific Islands.

It is a bony fish with endoskeleton ribcage, grows up to a meter in length, though because of fishing, this size is rarely found in the wild, it has a widespread range covering southern China, Pakistan, most of India, southern Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and most of Southeast Asia. It has more recently been introduced to the outermost parts of Indonesia, the Philippines, and Mauritius.

Channa striata occurs mainly in shallow freshwater habitats, typically at depths of 1-2 m, rarely below 10 meters. This species can be found in most types of slow-moving freshwater habitat, including rivers, lakes, ponds, canals, creeks, flooded rice paddies, irrigation reservoirs, and swamps.

Compared to most freshwater fish it is quite tolerant of turbid conditions and low oxygen levels. In regions with rainy and dry seasons, these fish may migrate out from permanent lakes and streams into flooded areas during the rainy season, and then return to permanent waters as the flooded areas dry.

It is an important food fish in its entire native range, and is of considerable economic importance. Adults are dark brown in colour with faint black bands visible across its entire body.

Males and females both help to construct a nest out of water vegetation during breeding time. Eggs are guarded by both parents. Fry are reddish orange and are guarded by both parents until they turn greenish brown at around 5–6 cm.

It is common in freshwater plains, where it migrates from rivers and lakes into flooded fields, returning to the permanent water bodies in the dry season, where it survives by burrowing in the mud.

Snakeheads are thrust-feeders that consume plankton, aquatic insects, and mollusks when small. As adults, they mostly feed on other fish (such as carp) or on frogs. In rare cases, small rodents such as rats are eaten, it will attack anything moving when breeding.

Snakeheads can become invasive species and cause ecological damage because, in many areas to which they are not native, the absence of natural enemies give them apex predator status. Not only can they breathe air, but they can also survive on land for up to 4 days, provided they are wet, and are known to migrate up to 400 m (1/4 mi) on wet land to other bodies of water by wriggling with their bodies and fins.

National Geographic has referred to snakeheads as "fishzilla" and the National Geographic Channel reported the "northern snakehead reaches sexual maturity by age two or three. Each spawning-age female can release up to 15,000 eggs at once. Snakeheads can mate as often as five times a year.

They are valuable as a food source and have become notorious as an intentionally released invasive species. These fish have been kept as pets but as they get larger, people let them go into ponds, lakes, and rivers, making these fish invasive.

Common snakeheads are very popular in Thai cuisine, where they are prepared in a variety of ways. Grilled fish is a common food item offered by street vendors .

Phylum : Chordata

Class : Actinopterygii

Order : Anabantiformes

Family : Channidae

Genus : Channa

Species : C. striata

Binomial name : Channa striata

(Bloch, 1793)

The Penang betta (Betta pugnax) is a species of gourami native to Southeast Asia and common in swiftly flowing forest streams of the Malay Peninsula, Singapore, Thailand, Sumatra, and the Riau Islands.

Betta pugnax.... other names include.. Penang Betta, Breder's Betta, King Betta, Forest Betta and additional scientific names Betta brederi.

The Forest Betta belongs to the same genus as the Siamese Fighting Fish Betta splendens, but it is less agressive. The male Forest Betta is quite territorial. In addition to its native range, the species has been introduced to Guam. It can be found amongst the vegetation growing along the banks. This species can reach a length of 6.7 centimetres (2.6 in)

B.pugnax is one of the mouthbrooding Betta species. This species, as a natural predator of mosquito larvae, has found use in mosquito control efforts. Prior to its being eclipsed in Western public recognition by the mass-imported B. splendens (the Siamese fighting fish), B. pugnax was well known as a fighting fish, as denoted by the specific epithet of pugnax, attracting the interest of scientists studying animal behaviour at least as long ago as the 1880s.

The substrate is most often sandy with little to no aquatic vegetation and the fish can be found among submerged leaf litter or sheltering under overhanging marginal vegetation and tree roots. It is also know to inhabit flowing streams, some of which contain large quantities of submerged vegetation.

This species requires acidic conditions with negligible carbonate hardness and very low general hardness, meaning a reverse osmosis unit or other method of obtaining soft water may need to be employed.

Like others in the genus this species seems to do best under fairly dim lighting and is an excellent jumper.

B. pugnax is very tolerant of water chemistry as long as the water is well filtered and clean. Should be kept in mid 70s F however will tolerate water from mid 60s to 80s.

Males grow larger possess a greater amount of iridescent scaling on the head and it had a broader head shape then females and much longer pelvic fins and will have spikes on the anal and caudal fins. Males will also develop “green cheek flashes”.

Following a protracted courtship, eggs and milt are released during an ’embrace’ typical of osphronemids,

with the male wrapped around the female. Several ‘dummy’ embraces may be required before spawning commences.

Fertilised eggs are caught on the anal fin of the male then picked up in the mouth of the female before being spat out into the water for the male to catch. Once the male has all the eggs in his mouth the process is repeated until the female is spent of eggs, a process which can take some time.

A brooding male may swallow or release the eggs prematurely if stressed or inexperienced, so it is preferable to leave the female and any other fishes in situ.

The incubation period is 9-16 days, after which the male will begin to release free-swimming fry. At this point they can be removed or left to grow alongside the parents, though some may be lost to predation under the latter circumstances.

Phylum : Chordata

Class : Actinopterygii

Order : Anabantiformes

Family : Osphronemidae

Genus : Betta

Species : B. pugnax

Binomial name Betta pugnax

(Cantor, 1849)

Monopterus is a genus of swamp eels native to Asia. They live in various freshwater habitats and some have a fossorial lifestyle. The swamp eels are a family (Synbranchidae) of freshwater eel-like fishes of the tropics and subtropics.

Most species are able to breathe air and typically live in marshes, ponds and damp places, sometimes burying themselves in the mud if the water source dries up.

They have various adaptations to suit this lifestyle; they are long and slender, they lack pectoral and pelvic fins, and their dorsal and anal fins are vestigial, making them limbless vertebrates. They lack scales and a swimbladder, and their gills open on the throat in a slit or pore. Oxygen can be absorbed through the lining of the mouth and pharynx, which is rich in blood vessels and acts as a "lung".

Monopterus javanicus, also known as the Asian Swamp Eel, is a species of eel native to Southeast Asia. It is characterized by its rounded cross-section, blunt snout, and tapered tail.

The coloration of the Asian Swamp Eel can vary, but it is generally greenish-grey with pale-colored spots or flecks. This species is known for its ability to breathe air and can migrate across short distances of dry land.

The Asian Swamp Eel is primarily nocturnal and feeds on a variety of invertebrates, including fishes and crustaceans. It lays its eggs in bubble-nests in shallow water, and both male and female fry and juveniles are all female until they reach adulthood.

The Asian swamp eel is a freshwater, eel-like fish belonging to the family Synbranchidae (swamp eels) it is also known as rice eel, ricefield eel, or rice paddy eel, is a commercially important, air-breathing species of fish in the family Synbranchidae. It occurs in East and Southeast Asia, where it is a very common foodstuff sold throughout the region.

The Asian swamp eel has a scaleless, anguilliform body that grows to a meter or less, typically 25 to 40 cm as an adult. The Asian Swamp Eel is rounded in cross-section, has a distinctive blunt snout and a tapered tail and lacks pectoral and pelvic fins. The dorsal, anal, and caudal fins are rudimentary, with the caudal fin often absent. These fins serve to protect the swamp eel against rolling, and assist in sudden turns and stops. 

Swamp eels lack scales, its gill membranes are fused, but one v-shaped gill is located beneath the head. Such a shape prevents reverse flow. Colour is variable, but generally comprises a greenish-grey or brown background speckled with pale-coloured spots or flecks.

Their eggs are laid in bubble-nests in shallow water. Fry and juveniles are all female, but with the onset of adulthood some females will develop into males. Their colour is variable, but generally olive or brown, with irregular dark flecks.

The mouth is large and protractile, and both upper and lower jaws have tiny teeth for eating fishes, worms, crustaceans, and other small aquatic animals. It is tolerant of polluted water or low oxygen levels, and can breathe air efficiently enough to allow migration across short distances of dry land. They are mainly nocturnal, emerging to feed on fishes, crustaceans and other invertebrates and occasionally detritus.

The preferred environment for the Asian swamp eel includes a wide variety of muddy, freshwater, shallow wetlands, such as rice paddies, ditches, ponds, marshes, streams, rivers, canals, lakes, and reservoirs.

Asian swamp eel is hermaphroditic. In reproductive biology, a hermaphrodite is an organism that has both kinds of reproductive organs and can produce both gametes associated with male and female sexes.

All young are females. As juvenile fish begin to mature, some take on the masculine phenotype. Males are capable of changing sex, allowing them to replenish female populations when female densities are low. This change from one sex to another can take up to a year. Spawning can occur throughout the year.

Swamp eels are a host for Gnathostoma spinigerum. Eating raw or undercooked swamp eel could cause gnathostomiasis, a disease that occurs in Thailand and Vietnam.

The fish is an important protein source for people in Thailand. It is cultured throughout Vietnam. In Indonesia, Cambodia, China, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, and other Asian countries, swamp eels are farmed in polyculture rice fields and sold as a food product with the rice crop.

In Balinese, the eels are known as lindung, they are sold dried in almost all village markets for use in Hindu offerings.

In Japan, it is known as ta-unagi, from 田, pronounced "ta", meaning paddy and 鰻, pronounced "unagi", meaning eel, usually written in katakana as タウナギ, and usually not eaten.

Adult and juvenile swamp eels are air-breathers, while young absorb oxygen directly through the skin. As such, standard fish poisons or piscicides (e.g., rotenone and antimycin A) that are transmitted across the gill membrane may not be effective.

Phylum : Chordata

Class : Actinopterygii

Order : Synbranchiformes

Family : Synbranchidae

Subfamily : Synbranchinae

Genus : Monopterus

Lacépède, 1800

Type species : Monopterus javanicus

Lacépède, 1800