Xylotrupes is a genus of rhinoceros beetles, with more than 25 species and subspecies distributed worldwide, especially in Asia. 

Xylotrupes beetles are predominantly nocturnal insects, being most active during the night. They are known for their strong fliers and are generally solitary, spending their days hidden under decaying wood or vegetation.

Xylotrupes gideon, the brown rhinoceros beetle, is a species of large scarab beetle can reach a length of 3.5–7 centimetres (1.4–2.8 in) belonging to the subfamily Dynastinae.

There is a great difference between the genders of  rhinoceros beetles. Males are larger than females. They have two chitinous bifurcated horns, a thick thoracic horn and a smaller cephalic horn, which they use to eliminate their rivals during the mating period. 

These beetles are shiny dark red, dark brown, or black in coloration. The eyes are located on each side of the head. When disturbed these beetles make a hissing noise, produced by rubbing the tip of the abdomen against the edge the elytra.

Rhinoceros beetles have become popular pets in parts of Asia, due to being relatively clean, easy to maintain, and safe to handle. Also in Asia, male beetles are used for gambling fights. Since males naturally have the tendency to fight each other for the attention of females, they are the ones used for battle. 

To get the two male beetles to lock in combat, a female beetle is used, or a small noisemaker duplicating the female's mating call.

There is an illegal trade in rhino beetles which forms part of a broader insect trafficking network catering to exotic pet enthusiasts and trophy collectors willing to pay for rare and culturally popular specimens. Despite the significant ecological pressures this trade exerts on insect populations such as rhino beetles, insect trafficking remains largely unregulated and overlooked.

Xylotrupes gideon feeds on dung from various animals and plays an important role in the ecosystem, contributing significantly to nutrient cycling and soil enrichment through the consumption of decaying plant matter during their larval stage which aids in their growth and development.

As a decomposer, it helps break down organic matter, returning nutrients to the soil and promoting plant growth. This process is often underestimated, yet it is crucial for sustaining the health of tropical ecosystems.

The Xylotrupes gideon is not just another beetle; it is a vital pollinator in its habitat. This species contributes significantly to the reproduction of various plants, which in turn supports a diverse range of wildlife. The surprising aspect is these beetles are equally essential for pollination same as bees.

Xylotrupes gideon facilitates the reproduction of plant species, supports food sources for numerous animals, including birds and mammals, enhances genetic diversity among plant populations and contributes to the stability of tropical ecosystems.

Xylotrupes gideon faces significant threats. Habitat loss is one of the most pressing threats primarily driven by human activities such as deforestation and urbanization which disrupts its ecological balance. This loss not only reduces the available living space for these beetles but also impacts the entire tropical ecosystem they inhabit.

Conservation efforts are crucial to ensure the survival of this unique beetle species.

This species is widespread in India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Indonesia : Java (nominotypical form), Borneo (borneensis), Sunda Islands and Moluccas.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Clade : Pancrustacea

Class : Insecta

Order : Coleoptera

Suborder : Polyphaga

Infraorder : Scarabaeiformia

Family : Scarabaeidae

Genus : Xylotrupes

Species : X. gideon

Binomial name : Xylotrupes gideon

Linnaeus, 1767

Synonyms :

Scarabaeus gideon

Linnaeus, 1767

The family Scarabaeidae, as currently defined, consists of over 35,000 species of beetles worldwide; they are often called scarabs or scarab beetles. 

The classification of this family has undergone significant change. Several groups formerly treated as subfamilies have been elevated to family rank (e.g., Bolboceratidae, Geotrupidae, Glaresidae, Glaphyridae, Hybosoridae, Ochodaeidae, and Pleocomidae), and some reduced to lower ranks. The subfamilies listed in this article are in accordance with those in Catalogue of Life (2023)

Scarabs are stout-bodied beetles; most are brown or black in colour, but many, generally species that are diurnally active, have bright metallic colours, measuring between 1.5 and 160 mm (0.059 and 6.3 in). The antennae of most species superficially seem to be knobbed (capitated), but the several segments comprising the head of the antenna are, as a rule, lamellate; they extend laterally into plates called lamellae that they usually keep compressed into a ball. Then, when following a scent, such a beetle fans the lamellae out like leaves to sense odours.

Many species are fossorial, with legs adapted for digging. In some groups, males (and sometimes females) have prominent horns on the head and/or pronotum to fight over mates or resources. The largest fossil scarabaeid was Oryctoantiquus borealis with a length of 50 mm (2.0 in).

The C-shaped larvae, called grubs, are pale yellow or white. Most adult beetles are nocturnal, although the flower chafers (Cetoniinae) and many leaf chafers (Rutelinae) are diurnal. The grubs mostly live underground or under debris, so they are not exposed to sunlight. 

Many scarabs are scavengers that recycle dung, carrion, or decaying plant material. Others, such as the Japanese beetle, are plant-eaters, wreaking havoc on various crops and vegetation.

Ceroplophana is a small genus of scarab beetles (family Scarabaeidae, subfamily Rutelinae) established by Gestro in 1893, currently containing two accepted species: Ceroplophana malaysiana and Ceroplophana modiglianii.

Ceroplophana belongs to the shining leaf chafers (Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae). It was first described by R. Gestro in 1893 based on material from Sumatra.

Ceroplophana is a little-known Southeast Asian genus of ruteline scarab beetles, historically tied to Sumatra and Malaysia, with two recognized species and several subspecies within C. modiglianii.

Ceroplophana malaysiana is a species of Shining Leaf Chafer from the Family Scarabaeidae.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Coleoptera

Suborder : Polyphaga

Series zoology : Staphyliniformia

Superfamily : Scarabaeoidea

Family : Scarabaeidae

Subfamily : Rutelinae

Tribe : Rutelini

Subtribe : Rutelina

Genus : Ceroplophana

Species : Ceroplophana malaysiana

Gestro, R. (1893)

The Curculionidae are a family of weevils, commonly called snout beetles or true weevils. At the present state of documentation, they are the largest animal family with approximately 6,000 genera and 77,000 species described worldwide. They are the sister group to the family Brentidae.

Adult Curculionidae can be recognised by the well-developed, downwards-curved snout (rostrum) possessed by many species, though the rostrum is sometimes short (e.g. Entiminae). They have elbowed antennae that end in clubs, and the first antennal segment often fits into a groove in the side of the rostrum. 

The body tends to be robust, convex, heavily sclerotised and covered in scales or bristles. Curculionidae range in size from 1–35 mm long, usually being 5–15 mm long. Most Curculionidae are sexually dimorphic with females (compared to males) having antennae positioned more basally and a longer, thinner rostrum.

Most weevils feed on plants as larvae and adults, and they include important pests of cultivated plants that chew holes in fruits, nuts and other parts. The long rostrum possessed by most adult weevils is used by females to help lay eggs (oviposit) inside plant tissue. Some feed on rotten wood or bark (e.g. Cossoninae and Cryptorhynchinae), and some are wood-borers that feed on ambrosia fungi (Platypodinae and some Scolytinae).

When disturbed, adult curculionids often play dead by lying motionless on their backs. Many species of weevils are common household and garden pests, but don't harm people, pets, or buildings. Their presence is more of a temporary nuisance, usually to plants and their fruits in their larval stage. In tropical areas they have larger effects, specifically several species in the genera Conotrachelus and Copturus.

Anthribidae is a family of beetles also known as fungus weevils. They often have thread-like antennae that may occasionally be longer than the body and are usually clubbed at the end. Since the members of Anthribidae are primitive weevils, the antennae are not elbowed. The antennae can also be the longest of any members of Curculionoidea.

Most anthribids feed upon fungi or decaying plant matter, and the larvae feed within dead wood. Some species of Choraginae feed upon seeds, a few are stored product pests, and, unusually, Anthribus feeds upon soft scale insects.

Cedus tuberculatus is classified under the family Anthribidae. This species is part of the order Coleoptera and the superfamily Curculionoidea.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Subphylum : Hexapoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Coleoptera

Suborder : Polyphaga

Infraorder : Cucujiformia  

Superfamily: Curculionoidea

Family : Anthribidae 

Genus : Cedus

Species : Cedus tuberculatus

Pascoe, 186

Ubin : 13-12-24

Hypomeces pulviger, also known as the gold-dust weevil or green weevil, is a tropical genus and species of beetle in the true weevil family.

The adult weevil can reach a length of about 14 mm (0.6 in) and is covered with iridescent green or yellowish-green dust-like scales all over the body.

This species can be found in India, tropical Southeast Asia, and the Philippines. Both the larvae and adults are crop pests.

The adult beetle is about 14 mm (0.6 in) long. The head has a broad, long snout, clubbed antennae, large black eyes and chewing mouthparts. The thorax and elytra (wing cases) are grey, dusted with golden or greenish iridescent flattened setae.

The adult of H. pulviger weevils are long-lived, doing damage to foliage, and sometimes defoliating young bushes and nursery trees.

The larvae of Hypomeces pulviger are legless grubs living in the soil underground feeding on the roots of a wide range of plants.

Hypomeces pulviger can be found in forests and in more open areas including agricultural cropland.

It is native to southeastern Asia range extending from Pakistan and India, Japan, Taiwan, the Philippines and Indonesia.

The adult Hypomeces pulviger prefer growing tip and young leaves that is chosen and eaten by chewing the leaves from the edge inwards.

When older, more mature leaves and softer parts between the veins are eaten and the veins are left.

Host plants of H. pulviger include Citrus, Gossypium (cotton), Helianthus annuus (sunflower), Ipomoea batatas (sweet potato), Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco), Oryza sativa (rice), Persea americana (avocado), Saccharum officinarum (sugarcane) and Zea mays (maize).

​

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Coleoptera

Family : Curculionidae

Subfamily : Entiminae

Tribe : Tanymecini

Genus : Hypomeces

Species : H. pulviger

Binomial name : Hypomeces pulviger

Herbst, 1795

T7 : 25-11-24

Aegus is a genus of stag beetles in the family Lucanidae. Comprising about 260 species in the genus, they are placed in the largest subfamily Lucaninae.

The Lucanidae males have large antlers. Their size often varies among individuals. Such variation is termed a scaling relationship or static allometry. Environmental conditions and genetic factors affect antler size.

Aegus is a widespread species of stag beetles found extensively throughout Indo-Malayan regions, west of Wallace's line, including: India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Andaman and Nicobar islands, Myanmar, Thailand, Singapore, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, Malayan peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo.

They are distributed in South Asia, Southeast Asia and the Pacific countries, but introduced accidentally to many parts of the islands.

The species was recently found from Seychelles and Madagascar as an introduced species. The major cause for this is the dispersal event of large number of floating tree trunks from coastal forests of South East Asia which were carried westward by the South Equatorial Current during 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami.

Body length is about 15.0 to 39.5 mm. This species shows great intraspecific variation in their body sizes. Males can be divided into two morphs based on their mandible size as minor and major morphs.

A saproxylic species, adults and grubs are generally found in deadwood of broadleaf trees, under bark or fallen tree trunks, in forest patches near human settlements and firewood heaps.

Male stag beetles usually involve aggressive behavior using their long mandibles to compete with rival males over females. Grubs are almost found within decaying wood or other decomposing substrates, where they feed on materials rich in fungal growth.

Primarily saproxylic, adult beetles and grubs are commonly found in decaying wood and stumps with abundant fungal growth.

Aegus chelifer, is a species of stag beetle found in Indo-Malaya regional countries.

The English name is derived from the large and distinctive mandibles found on the males of most species, which resemble the antlers of stags.

Male stag beetles are known for their oversize mandibles used to wrestle each other for favoured mating sites in a way that parallels the way stags fight over females. Fights may also be over food, such as tree sap and decaying fruits. Despite their often fearsome appearance, they are not normally aggressive to humans.

During a battle between the two males, the main objective is to dislodge its opponent's tarsal claws with its mandible, thus disrupting their balance.

Because its mandibles are capable of exceeding its own body size, stag beetles are generally inefficient runners and are very slow, and typically feel the need to fly from one location to another.

Female stag beetles are usually smaller than the males, with smaller mandibles that are much more powerful than the males.

As larvae, females are distinguished by their cream-coloured, fat ovaries visible through the skin around two-thirds of the way down their back.

The larvae feed for several years on rotting wood, growing through three larval stages until eventually pupating inside a pupal cell constructed from surrounding wood pieces and soil particles. In the final larval stage, the surviving grubs of larger species, such as Prosopocoilus giraffa, may be the size of a human finger.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Coleoptera

Suborder : Polyphaga

Superfamily : Tenebrionoidea

Family : Lucanidae

Genus : Aegus

Species : A. chelifer

Binomial name : Aegus chelifer

Macleay, 1819

Synonyms :

Aegus specularis Jakovlev, 1900

Sipalinus is a genus of beetles belonging to the family Curculionidae.

The Curculionidae are a family of weevils, commonly called snout beetles or true weevils. They are one of the largest animal families with 6,800 genera and 83,000 species described worldwide and they are the sister group to the family Brentidae.

Adult Curculionidae can be recognised by the well-developed, downwards-curved snout (rostrum) possessed by many species, though the rostrum is sometimes short (e.g. Entiminae).

They have elbowed antennae that end in clubs, and the first antennal segment often fits into a groove in the side of the rostrum.

The body tends to be robust, convex, heavily sclerotised and covered in scales or bristles.

Curculionidae range in size from 1-35 mm long, usually being 5-15 mm long. Most Curculionidae are sexually dimorphic with females (compared to males) having antennae positioned more basally and a longer, thinner rostrum.

Larval Curculionidae are C-shaped and lightly sclerotised, with minute antennae, robust mandibles and no legs.

Most weevils feed on plants as larvae and adults, and they include important pests of cultivated plants that chew holes in fruits, nuts and other parts.

The long rostrum possessed by most adult weevils is used by females to help lay eggs (oviposit) inside plant tissue.

Some feed on rotten wood or bark (e.g. Cossoninae and Cryptorhynchinae), and some are wood-borers that feed on ambrosia fungi (Platypodinae and some Scolytinae).

When disturbed, adult curculionids often play dead by lying motionless on their backs.

Sipalinus gigas the snout beetles is a species of beetles belonging to the family Curculionidae, it can reach a length of 12–30 millimetres (0.47–1.18 in).

The surface of Sipalinus gigas is covered with brownish crusty coating and the beak is moderately arcuate and punctured.

Pronotum is longer than wide. Elytra shows dark brown stripes with whitish areas bearing tubercles. These beetles are usually found under bark of dying or felled trees and the larvae live in dead or decaying trees.

The species can be divided into the following two subspecies :

Sipalinus gigas gigas (Fabricius, 1775) and Sipalinus gigas granulatus (Fabricius, 1801)

This species can be found in Korea, China, Japan, Himalayas, India and islands of Australasia, from Philippines to New Guinea, Solomon Islands and eastern Australia and Singapore.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Coleoptera

Family : Curculionidae

Subfamily : Dryophthorinae

Tribe : Orthognathini

Genus : Sipalinus

Species : S. gigas

Binomial name : Sipalinus gigas

(Fabricius, 1775)

Own residence : 3-3-24

Flower chafers are a group of scarab beetles comprising the subfamily Cetoniinae.

Many species are diurnal and visit flowers for pollen and nectar, or to browse on the petals. Some species also feed on fruit.

The group is also called fruit and flower chafers, flower beetles and flower scarabs. There are around 4,000 species, many of them still undescribed.

The family Scarabaeidae, as currently defined, consists of over 35,000 species of beetles worldwide, they are often called scarabs or scarab beetles.

Adult flower chafers are usually brightly coloured beetles, often metallic, and somewhat flattened in shape.

The insertions of the antennae are visible from above, while the mandibles and labrum are hidden by the clypeus. The elytra lack a narrow membranous margin and are truncate to expose the pygidium.

The abdominal spiracles are diverging so that several lie on the abdominal sternites with at least one exposed.

Fore coxae are conical and produced ventrally, while the mid coxae are transverse or only slightly oblique.

The mesothoracic epimera is visible from above. The tarsi are each equipped with a pair of simple (not forked) tarsal claws of subequal size.

A feature possessed by adults of many flower chafers, especially Cetoniini, is lateral emargination of the elytra.

Adult cetoniines are herbivorous, being found on flowers (from which they consume nectar and pollen), tree sap and rotting fruit. Larvae generally live and feed in decaying plant matter (including decaying wood) or soil. In captivity, cetoniine larvae will feed on soft fruit.

Ixorida is a genus of flower chafers (Cetoniinae, tribe Taenioderini). There are about 10 species, all from tropical Asia.

Ixorida regia belongs to the genus Ixorida, and the family Cetoniidae is a species of Coleoptera described by Fabricius in 1801.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Coleoptera

Family : Scarabaeidae

Subfamily : Cetoniinae

Tribe : Taenioderini

Genus : Ixorida

J. Thomson, 1880

Type species : Ixorida regia

Fabricius, 1801

The genus Cryptolaemus consists of predatory beetles of the family Coccinellidae, whose larvae and adults mostly prey upon scale insects on ornamental plants.

There are seven species in the genus, in two groups, all originally from eastern Australia, New Guinea and Indonesia.

Cryptolaemus montrouzieri is a small (about 3-4 mm long), dark brown lady beetle with a tan to orange head and posterior. The larvae grow up to 1.3 cm in length and have woolly appendages of wax (their true legs are barely visible underneath) which makes them resemble mealybugs, although they are about twice as large as the adult female citrus mealybug.

C. montrouzieri attacks citrus and closely related mealybugs and some soft scales, including hemispherical scale and its relatives. It is considered an important predator of citrus and long-tailed mealybug in greenhouses and interior plantscapes and is being introduced in a biocontrol program in the West Indies to control pink hibiscus mealybug.

Adult females lay eggs among the cottony egg sack of adult female mealybugs. Eggs hatch into larvae in about 5 days at 27°C (80°F). The three larval stages last from 12-17 days during which the larvae feed on mealybug eggs, young crawlers, and the honeydew produced by mealybugs.

C. montrouzieri pupates in sheltered places on stems or on greenhouse structures. Adults emerge after 7-10 days and live four months. Four days after emerging, adult females begin to lay eggs, and the lifetime total may be as many as 400. Adults may live up to 2 months.

C. montrouzieri is a voracious feeder of mealybug in both the larval and adult stages, a single larva may consume up to 250 small mealybugs.

They require cottony egg masses for egg-laying (long-tailed mealybugs do not have cottony egg masses). Although adults and young larvae prefer to feed on mealybug eggs, older larvae will attack any mealybug stage. Adults can fly and cover large areas to search for food. If mealybugs are scarce, they will fly off in search of other related insects, e.g. aphids and soft scales, although reproduction is substantially greater on mealybugs.

Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, common name mealybug ladybird or mealybug destroyer, is a ladybird species

it can reach a length of about 6 millimetres (0.24 in). Adults of this species have the typical ladybird shape but, unlike many of the often brightly coloured Coccinellidae, the elytra of these small ladybirds are predominantly dark brown and have no spots. 

Head, antennae, pronotum, the end of the elytra and the legs are orange-brown. Larvae can reach a length of 14–15 millimetres (0.55–0.59 in). They show a waxy covering that makes them apparently look like the mealybugs they prey on, a case of aggressive mimicry.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Coleoptera

Family : Coccinellidae

Genus : Cryptolaemus

Species : C. montrouzieri

Binomial name : Cryptolaemus montrouzieri

Mulsant, 1850

Leptoglossus gonagra, known as the passionvine bug, citron bug or squash bug in different parts of its range, is a species of leaf-footed bug in the family Coreidae. It is found in Africa, the Caribbean, Central America, North America, South America, Southern Asia, the Pacific Ocean and Oceania.

​This leaf-footed plant bug is elongated and about 18 mm (0.7 in) long and 6 mm (0.2 in) wide. The long antennae are banded in black and orange, and there is a pale orangish transverse band at the front of the broad plate covering the prothorax. 

The remaining surface is dark brown or a dull purplish-black, with small orange spots on the underside of the thorax and abdomen, and a pair of orange spots on the two rear, enlarged, flattened tibiae.

The female attaches chains of about 16 eggs in lines to twigs or stems of the host plant. These hatch after about a week and the nymphs moult five times as they grow. They are similar in appearance to the adults but are reddish when young with dark spines on head and thorax. 

They cluster together at first but later disperse more widely around the plant. Both adults and nymphs suck sap from the cells of the host plant, injecting toxic saliva, and this may cause the shoot to shrivel. Nymphal development takes about seven weeks and the whole life cycle takes nine or ten weeks. Females may lay a total of around sixty eggs and live for several weeks.

​

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Hemiptera

Suborder : Heteroptera

Family : Coreidae

Genus : Leptoglossus

Species : L. gonagra

Binomial name : Leptoglossus gonagra

Fabricius, 1775

Acanthaspis is a genus of assassin bugs. Members of the genus are known to disguise themselves by attaching bits of debris to aid in camouflage.

Acanthaspis nr. quadriannulata is identified as an assassin bug within the genus Acanthaspis, which is part of the Reduviidae family. This classification indicates that it is a predatory insect rather than a bug in the traditional sense.

The species Acanthaspis nr. quadriannulata is characterized by a body that is generally dark brown with yellow markings. Notably, the hind lobe of the pronotum features four distinct yellow patches. Additionally, the femora of all legs exhibit a yellow annulation subapically, contributing to its overall coloration.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Hemiptera

Suborder : Heteroptera

Superfamily : Cimicomorpha

Family : Reduviidae

Subfamily : Reduviinae

Genus : Acanthaspis

Species : A. nr quadriannulata

Residency Status: Native

Binomial name : Acanthaspis nr. quadriannulata

Miller, 1940

The brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys) is an insect in the family Pentatomidae, native to China, Japan, Korea and other Asian regions.

The nymphs and adults of the brown marmorated stink bug feed on over 100 species of plants, including many agricultural crops.

Adult brown marmorated stink bugs are approximately 1.7 cm (0.67 in) long and about as wide, forming the heraldic shield shape characteristic of bugs in the superfamily Pentatomoidea. They are generally a dark brown when viewed from above, with a creamy white-brown underside. Individual coloration may vary, with some bugs being various shades of red, grey, light brown, copper, or black.

The term "marmorated" means variegated or veined, like marble, which refers to the markings unique to this species, includes alternating light-colored bands on the antennae and alternating dark bands on the thin outer edge of the abdomen. The legs are brown with faint white mottling or banding.

The nymph stages are black or very dark brown, with red integument between the sclerites.

First instar nymphs have no white markings, but second through fifth instar nymphs have black antennae with a single white band. The legs of nymphs are black with varying amounts of white banding.

Freshly molted individuals of all stages are pale white with red markings. Eggs are normally laid on the underside of leaves in masses of 28 eggs, and are light green when laid, gradually turning white.

Like all stink bugs, the glands that produce the defensive chemicals (the "stink") are located on the underside of the thorax, between the first and second pair of legs.

The odor from the stink bug is due to trans-2-decenal and trans-2-octenal. The smell has been characterized as a "pungent odor that smells like coriander." The stink bug's ability to emit an odor through holes in its abdomen is a defense mechanism meant to prevent it from being eaten by birds and lizards. However, simply handling the bug, injuring it, or attempting to move it can trigger it to release the odor.

Reports on human cases are rare, but the stink bug's body fluids are toxic and irritating to the human skin and eyes. One case of keratitis has been reported.

During courtship, the male emits pheromones and vibrational signals to communicate with a female, which replies with her own vibrational signals, as in all stink bugs.

The insects use the signals to recognize and locate each other. Vibrational signals of this species are noted for their low frequency, and one male signal type is much longer than any other previously described signals in stink bugs, although the significance of this is not yet clear.

The brown marmorated stink bug is a sucking insect (like all Hemiptera or "true bugs") that uses its proboscis to pierce the host plant to feed. This feeding results, in part, in the formation of dimpled or necrotic areas on the outer surface of fruits, leaf stippling, seed loss, and possible transmission of plant pathogens.

It is an agricultural pest that can cause widespread damage to fruit and vegetable crops. In Japan, it is a pest to soybean and fruit crops. In the U.S., the brown marmorated stink bug feeds, beginning in late May or early June, on a wide range of fruits, vegetables, and other host plants including peaches, apples, green beans, soybeans, cherries, raspberries, and pears.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Hemiptera

Family : Pentatomidae

Genus : Halyomorpha

Species : H. halys

Binomial name : Halyomorpha halys

Stål, 1855

Physomerus is a genus of true bugs in the family Coreidae, subfamily Coreinae, tribe Acanthocorini; containing the notable pest species Physomerus grossipes (Fabricius, 1794). The genus was erected by Hermann Burmeister in 1835.

The sweetpotato bug (Physomerus grossipes) is a species of Hemiptera in the family Coreidae. Native to Southeast Asia, the species has immigrated to the Pacific Islands. Frequently laying its eggs on the same Leguminosae and Convolvulaceae plants on which it feeds, the female of P. grossipes is very protective of her young, notably guarding both eggs and nymphs from predators.

P.grossipes is brown in color with black legs, individuals grow to be about 2 cm (0.79 in) long. Like other Coreidae, P. grossipes is oval-shaped with segmented antennae, a numerously veined forewing membrane, a metathoracic stink gland, and enlarged hind tibia.

The insect feeds on Leguminosae and Convolvulaceae plants. In addition to the sweet potato from which it derives its common name, it frequents other plants of the genus Ipomoea, as well as catjang, Clitoria ternatea and the common bean.

Since the removal of juice from the stem in the insect's feeding causes the plant to wither and disrupts its production of fruit, P. grossipes is regarded as a pest.

The sweetpotato bug oviposits its eggs on the undersides of leaves or on the stems of the plants on which it feeds, as well as on neighboring sedges. A 1990 study found a mean clutch size of 83 eggs, although some egg deposits numbering twice that have been found, possibly representing the collected eggs of several insects.

The female of P. grossipes is very protective, providing the "best known example" of "maternal care in the large family Coreidae." Mothers guard their eggs, threatening and occasionally even rushing at the predators that approach them. In addition, P. grossipes generates a strong-smelling fluid from a metathoracic gland with which the mother sprays larger predators through the anal orifice.

In spite of this protection, about 20% of the eggs are eaten by predators such as ants, and 13% are lost to parasitoid predation by chalcid wasps, which lay their eggs within the eggs of P. grossipes. Losses to unguarded clutches are much higher. The surviving eggs hatch in roughly 15 days. The insect goes through five nymphal stages ranging from 85 days for males to 88 days for females before reaching full maturity.

After the eggs are hatched, the mother remains to guard the gregarious nymphs, feeding them predigested food. Mixed-age nymph groups have been observed, and several cases of multiple females guarding one nymph group have been documented.

Two mothers possibly are cooperating to guard their broods or an unmated female may assist to raise a brood that is not hers. Males have frequently been found near nymph groups and may also be present to supply protection to the brood.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Hemiptera

Family : Coreidae

Subfamily : Coreinae

Genus : Physomerus

Species : P. grossipes

Binomial name : Physomerus grossipes

Fabricius, 1794

Pentatomidae is a family of insects belonging to the order Hemiptera, generally called shield bugs or stink bugs, it is the largest family in the superfamily Pentatomoidea, and contains around 900 genera and over 4700 species.

As hemipterans, the pentatomids have piercing sucking mouthparts, and most are phytophagous, including several species which are severe pests on agricultural crops. However, some species, particularly in the subfamily Asopinae, are predatory and may be considered beneficial.

All pentatomids have 5-segmented antennae, and 3 tarsal segments on each foot. They generally have a large triangular scutellum in the center of the back. The body shape of adult pentatomids is generally "shieldlike," when viewed from above, but this varies between species, and is not true for the immature nymphal stages.

The forewings of stink bugs are called hemelytra, with the basal half thickened while the apex is membranous. At rest, the wings are laid across the back of the insect, with the membranous wingtips overlapping. The hindwings are entirely membranous.

Several stink bugs and shield bugs are considered agricultural pests, because they can grow into large populations that feed on crops, damaging production, and they are resistant to many pesticides. They are a threat to cotton, corn, sorghum, soybeans, native and ornamental trees, shrubs, vines, weeds, and many cultivated crops.

The green stink bug or green soldier bug (Chinavia hilaris) is a stink bug of the family Pentatomidae. 

Chinavia hilaris can exhibit orange coloration. The green stink bug typically has a bright green body with narrow yellow, orange, or reddish edges. Additionally, very young nymphs are noted to have an orange pronotum, and older nymphs show orange patches on the edge of the pronotum.

The species was previously placed in the genus Acrosternum but has been classified as in the genus Chinavia in the more recent literature (e.g., Schwertner and Grazia, 2006). However, the Entomological Society of America has not officially recognized this change despite this shift in scientific naming.

The green stink bug's color is typically bright green, with narrow yellow, orange, or reddish edges. It is a large, shield-shaped bug with an elongate, oval form and a length between 13 and 18 mm. It can be differentiated from the species Nezara viridula by its black outermost three antennal segments.

Its anterolateral, in front and away from the middle pronotal margin is rather straight and not strongly arced such as in Chinavia pensylvanica. Both adults and nymphs have large stink glands on the underside of the thorax extending more than half-way to the edge of the metapleuron.

They discharge large amounts of this foul-smelling liquid when disturbed. This liquid, dried and pulverized, was once used at industrial level to reinforce the smell of some acids. Now it's been replaced by artificial composites.

It is found in orchards, gardens, woodlands and crop fields feeding with their needle-like mouthparts on the juices of a wide variety of plants.

Adults develop a preference for developing seeds and thus become crop pests (tomato, bean, pea, cotton, soybean, eggplant). When no seeds are present, they also feed on stems and foliage, thus damaging several fruit trees, such as the apple, cherry, orange and peach trees.

Green stink bugs frequent noncrop hosts more than other stink bug species earlier in the season. Plants such as black cherry, elderberry, mimosa and pecan exist as farmscape edges, which provide immature organisms a safe location to develop and a gateway to agricultural fields.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Hemiptera

Family : Pentatomidae

Genus : Chinavia

Species : C. hilaris

Binomial name : Chinavia hilaris

Say, 1832

Pycanum is a genus of bugs in the family Tessaratomidae. Species are mostly recorded from southern China, Indochina and Malesia.

Pycanum rubens is a species of giant stink bug in the family Tessaratomidae commonly known as the giant shield bug. The species is widespread, and has been recorded in Borneo, Burma, China (Yunnan), India (Hindustan), Indonesia, Java, the Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Philippines, Sumatra, and Vietnam and Singapore.

It is characterized by its large size and shield-like body structure formed by the thorax and wings covering the abdomen. Adults measure about 3 cm in length and 1.5 cm in width, with three pairs of legs visible on the underside and six pairs of spiracles along the abdominal sides.

Pycanum rubens is phytophagous, feeding exclusively on plants, and is often associated with specific host species such as Dillenia suffruticosa. The species exhibits maternal care, with adults remaining near nymphs, and its nymphs undergo colorful transformations from red to orange and greenish-white stages before maturing into light orange adults that darken over time.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Clade : Pancrustacea

Class : Insecta

Order : Hemiptera

Suborder : Heteroptera

Family : Tessaratomidae

Genus : Pycanum

Species : P. rubens

Binomial name : Pycanum rubens

Fabricius, 1794

Batocera is a genus of the family Cerambycidae, subfamily Lamiinae, close to the genus Rosenbergia.

Batocera rubus, the mango longhorn or rubber root borer, is a species of medium-large beetle in the family Cerambycidae. This species measures a length of 20-65 mm from head to tip.

It is found in Southeast Asia, including countries like Japan, China, Java, India, Laos, Myanmar, Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines, South Korea, Taiwan, Sumatra, Thailand, and Vietnam. It feeds on Ficus carica, Ficus elastica, and Mangifera indica. 

It was described by Carl Linnaeus in his landmark 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae. Common names: Rubber Root Borer; Lateral-banded Mango Longhorn; Mango Longhorn, White-spotted Longhorn.

Batocera rubus primarily found in tropical and subtropical regions. Its habitat preferences include forested areas, especially where host trees are abundant.

It is known to feed on Mango (Mangifera indica), Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis), and Figs (Ficus carica, Ficus benghalensis).

This beetle is a significant pest in rubber plantations and mango orchards due to its wood-boring larvae, which can cause substantial damage to host plants.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Coleoptera

Family : Cerambycidae

Subfamily : Lamiinae

Genus : Batocera

Species : B. rubus

Binomial name : Batocera rubus

Linnaeus, 1758

Endomychus is a genus of beetles in the family Endomychidae, commonly known as handsome fungus beetles. These beetles are primarily found in the Palearctic, Nearctic, and Oriental realms, with a few species extending into North America. 

They are known for their association with fungi and decaying organic matter, feeding on fungal spores and hyphae in habitats such as rotting wood and forest litter. The genus was established by Panzer in 1795 and includes around 29 valid species.

Endomychidae, also commonly known as handsome fungus beetles, is a family of coccinelloid beetles with representatives found in all biogeographic realms. As the common name suggests, members of this family feed on fungi.

The life cycle of a beetle is known as a complete metamorphosis, meaning it has four very different stages : egg, larval, pupal and adult.

Beetles, like all insects and other arthropods, go through distinct changes in form throughout their life cycle. This change in form is known as metamorphosis.

The mating ritual of some beetle species can be compared to battles between Roman gladiators. In certain species, beetles will fight to the death – males against males, and females against females – until only one pair remains.

This process, which may seem extreme, ensures that the strongest of their kind will produce offspring. Once the victorious male and female join, the mating process can take a few minutes to several hours.

The female beetle, depending on the species, will lay hundreds of small white or yellow eggs. The eggs can be deposited in decaying leaves, rotten wood and even animal feces. Some beetles keep their eggs inside and give birth to live larvae.

Beetle larvae are grub or worm-like in appearance and have voracious appetites. It is in this stage that wood-destroying beetles, such as powderpost and Longhorned beetles, do their damage to structures.

The larvae of these beetles feed on the cellulose structure of timber, eating the wood from the inside out.

As the larvae begin to grow, they need to discard the outer covering of their bodies, known as the exoskeleton, to provide more room. This shedding, called "molting," may occur between seven to 10 times before the larvae enter the pupal stage.

This stage of the beetle life cycle is where the greatest change in form takes place. The worm-like larvae form the pupa or cocoon as it often called, then lay dormant.

During this stage, the larva begin to take the shape of the adult beetle. The time period to reach adulthood from the pupal stage varies dramatically among different types of beetles. 

Some take as little as 30 days while others may take up to two to three years to fully develop. Once adulthood is reached, the fully mature beetle emerges from the cocoon and begins another life cycle all over again.

The adult stage is the final stage in the life cycle of a beetle. Adults are found in many sizes, shapes and colors. Some adults have large mandibles for catching their prey and for defense from predators. 

Some species, such as the Cerambycid beetle, resemble wasps to fool predators in to staying away. Other species can emit poisonous or distasteful substances to ward off their enemies.

Handsome fungus beetles larva ( Endomychidae ) or handsome fungus beetles, is a family of beetles with representatives found in all biogeographic realms.

There are around 120 genera and 1300 species. The family was established based on the type genus Endomychus, a genus erected in 1795 by Panzer which was applied to a species that Linnaeus called Chrysomela coccinea.

As the common name suggests, Endomychidae feed on fungi. Crowson, in his influential treatment of the beetles, placed the family within the Cucujoidea. They have a tarsal formal of 4-4-4 or 3-3-3 and the wings lack a closed radial cell.

The second antennal segment has a sensory appendage that is as long as the third antennal segment. The family has also been grouped with the Coccinellidae in a group called the Trimera for having pseudotrimerous tarsi.

A 2015 molecular phylogeny study found that the Cucujoidea were found to be non-monophyletic and the Endomychidae was refined with the removal of the Anamorphinae from within the family and elevated to the status of a full family, Anamorphidae.

Mycetaeinae and Eupsilobiinae were also found not to belong within the clades of the core Endomychidae, and likewise reclassified into the families Mycetaeidae and Eupsilobiidae.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Coleoptera

Suborder : Polyphaga

Infraorder : Cucujiformia

Superfamily : Coccinelloidea

Family : Endomychidae

Leach, 1815

Genus : Endomychus

is a genus of beetles in the family Endomychidae, commonly known as handsome fungus beetles. These beetles are primarily found in the Palearctic, Nearctic, and Oriental realms, with a few species extending into North America. They are known for their association with fungi and decaying organic matter, feeding on fungal spores and hyphae in habitats such as rotting wood and forest litter. The genus was established by Panzer in 1795 and includes around 29 valid species.

Endomychidae, also commonly known as handsome fungus beetles, is a family of coccinelloid beetles with representatives found in all biogeographic realms. As the common name suggests, members of this family feed on fungi.

The life cycle of a beetle is known as a complete metamorphosis, meaning it has four very different stages : egg, larval, pupal and adult.

Beetles, like all insects and other arthropods, go through distinct changes in form throughout their life cycle. This change in form is known as metamorphosis.

The mating ritual of some beetle species can be compared to battles between Roman gladiators. In certain species, beetles will fight to the death – males against males, and females against females – until only one pair remains.

This process, which may seem extreme, ensures that the strongest of their kind will produce offspring. Once the victorious male and female join, the mating process can take a few minutes to several hours.

The female beetle, depending on the species, will lay hundreds of small white or yellow eggs. The eggs can be deposited in decaying leaves, rotten wood and even animal feces. Some beetles keep their eggs inside and give birth to live larvae.

Beetle larvae are grub or worm-like in appearance and have voracious appetites. It is in this stage that wood-destroying beetles, such as powderpost and Longhorned beetles, do their damage to structures.

The larvae of these beetles feed on the cellulose structure of timber, eating the wood from the inside out.

As the larvae begin to grow, they need to discard the outer covering of their bodies, known as the exoskeleton, to provide more room. This shedding, called "molting," may occur between seven to 10 times before the larvae enter the pupal stage.

This stage of the beetle life cycle is where the greatest change in form takes place. The worm-like larvae form the pupa or cocoon as it often called, then lay dormant.

During this stage, the larva begin to take the shape of the adult beetle. The time period to reach adulthood from the pupal stage varies dramatically among different types of beetles. Some take as little as 30 days while others may take up to two to three years to fully develop. Once adulthood is reached, the fully mature beetle emerges from the cocoon and begins another life cycle all over again.

The adult stage is the final stage in the life cycle of a beetle. Adults are found in many sizes, shapes and colors. Some adults have large mandibles for catching their prey and for defense from predators. Some species, such as the Cerambycid beetle, resemble wasps to fool predators in to staying away. Other species can emit poisonous or distasteful substances to ward off their enemies.

Handsome fungus beetles larva ( Endomychidae )

or handsome fungus beetles, is a family of beetles with representatives found in all biogeographic realms.

There are around 120 genera and 1300 species. The family was established based on the type genus Endomychus, a genus erected in 1795 by Panzer which was applied to a species that Linnaeus called Chrysomela coccinea.

As the common name suggests, Endomychidae feed on fungi. Crowson, in his influential treatment of the beetles, placed the family within the Cucujoidea. They have a tarsal formal of 4-4-4 or 3-3-3 and the wings lack a closed radial cell.

The second antennal segment has a sensory appendage that is as long as the third antennal segment. The family has also been grouped with the Coccinellidae in a group called the Trimera for having pseudotrimerous tarsi.

A 2015 molecular phylogeny study found that the Cucujoidea were found to be non-monophyletic and the Endomychidae was refined with the removal of the Anamorphinae from within the family and elevated to the status of a full family, Anamorphidae.

Mycetaeinae and Eupsilobiinae were also found not to belong within the clades of the core Endomychidae, and likewise reclassified into the families Mycetaeidae and Eupsilobiidae.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Coleoptera

Suborder : Polyphaga

Infraorder : Cucujiformia

Superfamily : Coccinelloidea

Family : Endomychidae

Leach, 1815

Genus : Endomychus

Pentatomidae is a family of insects belonging to the order Hemiptera, generally called shield bugs or stink bugs. Pentatomidae is the largest family in the superfamily Pentatomoidea, and contains around 900 genera and over 4700 species.

Species in this subfamily are phytophages and several of them are considered agricultural pests.

As hemipterans, the pentatomids have piercing sucking mouthparts, and most are phytophagous, including several species which are severe pests on agricultural crops. However, some species, particularly in the subfamily Asopinae, are predatory and may be considered beneficial.

Stinkbug is a common name for several insects and may refer to any of several bugs in the true bug (hemipteran) family Pentatomidae. They are generally medium sized shield-shaped insects with broad 'shoulders' and have a relatively straight sided, bluntly rounded abdomen.

Stink bugs possess a dorsal, triangular shaped, shield on their backs. All stink bugs have piercing-sucking mouthparts.

Stink bug eggs are somewhat barrel-shaped and are deposited on end in closely packed clusters. Egg coloration, cluster size and arrangement of eggs within the cluster varies with species. Eggs clusters are generally laid on the underside of leaves and hatch in about 5 days. Typically all eggs in a cluster will hatch within 1-1.5 hours of each other.

Stink bugs feed on developing seed of many hosts including trees, shrubs, vines, weeds and many cultivated crops. They may also feed on the stems and foliage when seed are not present.

Nymphs and adults of both kinds of stink bugs pierce plants with their needlelike mouthparts and suck sap from pods, buds, blossoms and seeds.

The degree of damage depends, to some extent, on the developmental stage of the plant when it is pierced by stink bugs. Immature fruit and pods punctured by bugs become deformed as they develop. Seeds are often flattened and shriveled. Germination is reduced.

Stink bugs have piercing-sucking mouthparts with which they puncture plant tissue and remove sap. The greatest damage results from feeding on fruiting structures. As it heals, the feeding site becomes hard and darkens. Seeds fed upon may be shriveled, deformed and shrunken, or may simply bear a dark spot and depression at the feeding site, depending on the stage of development when attacked.

Stinkbugs move slowly and are easily outrun. When engaged, their eyes glow. They bite threats while at close range. Stinkbugs may also release gas into the surrounding area. While preparing to release the gas, they raise their back-ends. The gas deals wide damage over time. There is a short period before gas can be spread again.

The Stinkbug is hostile toward the player. When the player is spotted, it charges until within distance and may release gas into the surrounding area or continue charging. It bites while at close range. It will not flee when attacked.

Stinkbugs appear to be hostile toward all other creatures. Stinkbugs' gas clouds cause many creatures to defend themselves and become hostile. They exhibit their normal threat behavior when attacking.

In reality, the gas that a stinkbug produces is non-toxic. Even if you were really small, the gas would simply smell terrible.

The genus Dalpada comprises numerous species, with D. trimaculata being one of the recognized members. 

Dalpada species typically inhabit terrestrial environments such as forests, grasslands, and regions with suitable vegetation for feeding and reproduction.

Dalpada trimaculata belongs to the genus Dalpada, first described by Westwood in 1837, and is classified under the tribe Halyini in the Pentatomidae family NDSU - North Dakota State University. Members of this genus are generally known as true bugs ("stink bugs") and are phytophagous, feeding on plant material.

Dalpada trimaculata is identified as a member of the stink bug family, known for their characteristic shield-shaped bodies and ability to release pungent chemical compounds. Specific morphological details such as coloration, size, or distinguishing marks are not extensively documented in the sources cited, but like other Dalpada species, it would share the typical Pentatomidae features, such as a broad, flat back with three apparent spots that may correspond to its species name “trimaculata” indicating “three spots”

Dalpada trimaculata is mainly found in Southeast Asia, it prefers moderately dense vegetation where it can feed on sap and hide from predators. Such habitats may include forest edges, shrubs, agricultural areas and urban  garden landscapes.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Hemiptera 

Family : Pentatomidae 

Genus : Dalpada

Amyot & Serville, 1843

Species : Dalpada trimaculata

Westwood, 1837

The patent-leather beetle or horned passalus (Odontotaenius disjunctus) is a saproxylic beetle in the family Passalidae (bess beetles) which can grow to just over an inch-and-a-half long, weigh 1-2 grams and are capable of pulling 50 times their own weight. 

They have been used to study several aspects of general family characteristics since the early 1900s but remain a relatively unknown species within the diverse Coleoptera order.

Odontotaenius disjunctus is most commonly found in climates with higher humidity, mainly in the warmer parts of both hemispheres, and also widely distributed in temperate North American forests.

These beetles can be found in rotting logs (oak and hickory especially), this specific locale offers unique benefits in regards to protection from predators and external abiotic factors such temperature and precipitation. 

There is a level of stability with the two factors mentioned, the water retention in the wood helps to keep temperatures stable while aiding in further decomposition of the log itself.

The regulation of this environment allows for both day and night activity. Larvae can reach adulthood in as little as 3 months due to a rich food source, with the average lifespan of an adulthood being up to one year. 

Adults are only found outside of their log when they are searching for a new mate, or a new log in which to burrow. Daily movements tend to be limited to within their log, any movements outside of the log are not as predictable and occur much less frequently.

These beetles are shiny black, and have many long grooves on their elytra. They have a small horn between their eyes, and clubbed antennae. Females and males are difficult to distinguish based on external appearances alone. 

There appears to be no sexual dimorphism between the two sexes, both tend to be equal in size and overall strength capabilities. Large size may be in part a result of exploiting a niche that provides an unlimited food source of rotting wood material. Although flight is possible, these beetles predominantly walk as their main form of locomotion, they will walk long distances rather than flying.

Parasitic infections are common but not well known, external and internal parasites have been documented. A nematode parasite, Chondronema passali, inhabits the abdominal cavity has been shown to effect stress responses in these beetles, although the results are relatively small, they do show that O. disjunctus is not only infected by parasites but are negatively impacted by them.

Males will often compete for females and territory like most beetle species, using their horn-like structure to flip and overturn their opponents. The strength of these beetles also tends to increase in times of stress, however, even in times without stimulation male beetles will exert an impressive amount of force onto a target.

Patent-leather beetles like to eat logs of certain trees, in which the wood is dead and decaying. They eat deciduous trees, such as oaks and elm. Wood inhabited by these beetles is usually well decomposed and falls apart readily. This unique food source prevents competition as these beetles have chosen a food source that is not highly sought after by other organisms due to the material being indigestible for most. Adults feed primarily on wood, while larvae stages eat materials composed of fungi, wood and parental secretions.

Burrowing within rotting logs offers the triturated wood that is a staple in the diet of these beetles, this wood is consumed widely by the males and then further broken down through the digestive tract, and eventually expelled for the eventual re- consumption by all family members.

When disturbed, adults can produce a squeaking sound by rubbing their wings on the abdomen. This is called stridulation, and is often easy to hear, both adult and larvae are capable of producing these sounds. This is used for communication within the colony, to communicate danger, courtship, disturbance and solo activities. These four general categories can be further examined into more specific signals and patterns.

​The acoustic repertoire of Odontotaenius disjunctus can be broken down into bars, pulses and phonatomes, these are used to identify intra- and interspecific variations. These sounds are produced specifically from when areas of the sixth abdominal tergite rasp against an area on the ventral side of each folded metathoracic wing.

Many patent-leather beetles may live together in a colony in the same log and several colonies may be found within the same rotting log depending on the size. However, only one pair of beetles is typically found in a single tunnel/burrow system, but a single large log may offer space for multiple pairs to be present.

These beetles make tunnels in the wood; inside the galleries, the beetles will mate, lay eggs, and watch over their offspring. The adults feed the larvae a chewed-up mixture of wood chips and feces. The larvae cannot feed themselves and take a year to develop. Being presocial beetles, the larvae are typically taken care of by the parents and young offspring. This cooperative brood care is beneficial to all individuals involved, larvae receive optimal care and young adults are able remain in the burrow to increase fitness and wait for favorable conditions before exiting the log.

Offspring rely heavily on parental care for protection and nourishment, food is mixed with secretions by the parent before the larvae can feed. Reproduction appears to be affected by seasonality, with summer months being the time in which females lay majority of their eggs.

Odontotaenius disjunctus remain in monogamous pairs, during the breeding season (early spring until late summer) they will repeatedly copulate and produce anywhere from 20-35 eggs over the time period. Offspring remain in the parental tunnel for the rest of the year, overwinter, and then disperse in the following late spring. Infanticidal behavior has been observed, and is most likely to occur in the event of a burrow take over by a male or female that has not yet had the chance to mate due to limited access to an empty burrow.

The patent-leather beetle is considered beneficial in its activities to decompose dead wood, and is harmless to humans. The increase in habitat loss due to deforestation for agriculture has caused a decline in populations as they do not react well to fragmentation. Studies reveal that a decrease in suitable habitat and increased open areas between forests have been the two leading causes of population decline and potential extirpation of some areas. Shrinking habitat would also cause an increase in competition and infanticidal behaviors, further straining reproductive success.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Coleoptera

Family : Passalidae

Genus : Odontotaenius

Species : O. disjunctus

Binomial name : Odontotaenius disjunctus

Illiger, 1800

Pycanum rubens nymph. The nymphs of Pycanum rubens are known for their almost rectangular-shape body and attractive light green, orange, or red color shades. These colors likely represent the different stages of development. 

The newly born nymph starts red with a while lining at the top edge of its body, which is quite tiny in size. As it grows larger, it molts to an orange color nymph, and the final stage should be light green in color. However, the exact sequence of color changes is not fully confirmed. 

The nymphs are often found on the same host plant as the adult bugs, and their color-changing phenomenon can be observed in other Pentatomid bugs as well.

Pycanum rubens is a species of giant stink bug in the family Tessaratomidae. The species is widespread, and has been recorded in Borneo, Burma, China (Yunnan), India (Hindustan), Indonesia, Java, the Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Philippines, Sumatra, Vietnam and Singapore.

Tessaratomidae is a family of true bugs. It contains about 240 species of large bugs divided into 3 subfamilies and 56 genera.

Tessaratomids resemble large stink bugs (family Pentatomidae) and are sometimes quite colorful. Most tessaratomids are Old World, with only three species known from the Neotropics.

Some members of Tessaratomidae exhibit maternal care of eggs and offspring. The defensive chemicals of certain species can cause significant damage if they come into contact with human skin; they may also cause temporary blindness.

All species are exclusively plant-eaters, some of major economic importance as agricultural pests. A few species are also consumed as human food in some countries.

Larger species of Tessaratomidae are known informally as giant shield bugs, giant stink bugs, or inflated stink bugs, but they generally do not have a collective common name and are referred to mostly as tessaratomids.

Tessaratomids are ovate to elongate-ovate bugs. They range in size from the smallest members of the tribe Sepinini at 6 to 7 mm (0.24 to 0.28 in), to the large Amissus atlas of tribe Tessaratomini at 43 to 45 mm (1.7 to 1.8 in). They are generally quite large and usually exceed 15 mm (0.59 in) in length.

The head of tessaratomids is generally small and triangular, with the antennae having 4 to 5 segments (though some of them, for example Siphnus, have relatively large heads).

The scutellum (Latin for 'little shield', the hard extension of the thorax covering the abdomen in hemipterans) is triangular and does not cover the leathery middle section of the forewing but is often partially covered by the prothorax.

The tarsi (the final segments of the legs) have 2 to 3 segments. They are most reliably distinguished from pentatomids by having six exposed abdominal spiracles instead of five.

Like all hemipterans, instead of mandibles for chewing, tesseratomids possess a piercing-sucking mouthpart for feeding (known as the rostrum). In tesseratomids, the rostrum has 4 segments.

Tessaratomids are oftentimes vividly colored. All tessaratomids are phytophagous. They generally feed upon plants belonging to the plant orders Rosales and Sapindales, and spend most of their lives in tree leaves and stems. They exhibit incomplete metamorphosis and have lifespans that can be several years.

Some tessaratomids guard their eggs and nymphs from predators which may include parasitoid wasps and assassin bugs.

The eggs of tessaratomids are barrel-shaped or globular. The eggs exhibit a ring of small protuberances, known as micropylar process, which permit entry of sperm for fertilization into the eggs (through micropylar canals). They also provide openings for air for the developing embryos.

The eggs are laid in compact clusters glued to the leaves of a variety of plants. The laying arrangement can follow a pattern. For example, in Pygoplatys tenangau, the egg clusters are distinctively hexagonal; while in Piezosternum subulatum, they are arranged in two neat rows. The eggs are usually initially white, cream, or yellow in color but can change as the embryos inside mature.

Nymphs emerge from the eggs through peristaltic movements and with the help of an internal nearly 

H-shaped structure in the egg known as the 'egg burster'.

As in other hemipterans, tessaratomids are hemimetabolic, undergoing incomplete metamorphosis. This means that they do not possess larval and pupal stages. Instead, juvenile tessaratomids (called nymphs), hatch directly from the eggs. The nymphs resemble fully grown adults except for size and the absence of wings.

Nymphs usually undergo four to five successive stages of moltings (ecdysis), increasing in size and becoming more adult-like with each stage until the final molting. The stages are individually known as instars, with the earliest stage (just after hatching) being known as the first nymphal instar. 

Nymphs may also differ significantly from adults in colors and patterns exhibited. In some species, nymphs often exhibit strikingly vibrant colors in contrast to the relative drabness of adults. The colors can also vary between instars. Mating between adults can last for several hours, with the male and female attached end-to-end.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Hemiptera

Family : Tessaratomidae

Genus : Pycanum

Species : P. rubens

Binomial name : Pycanum rubens

Fabricius, 1794

Scutelleridae is a family of true bugs. They are commonly known as jewel bugs or metallic shield bugs due to their often brilliant coloration.

They are also known as shield-backed bugs due to the enlargement of the thoracic scutellum into a continuous shield over the abdomen and wings.

This latter characteristic distinguishes them from most other families within Heteroptera, and may lead to misidentification as a beetle rather than a bug.

These insects feed on plant juices from a variety of different species, including some commercial crops.

Closely related to stink bugs, they may also produce an offensive odour when disturbed. There are around 450 species worldwide.

Cantao is a genus of true bugs in the family Scutelleridae. It is a species of shield bug in the family Scutelleridae found across Asia.

Body elongate oval; head elongate, with nearly straight and carinate lateral margins; pronotum with posterolateral angles produced at base of scutellum; scutellum with a pair of deep foveae basally; peritreme large, occupying most of metapleurite, evaporatorium reduced.

Reddish or ochre in overall colour it has dark legs and bluish black antennae. A dark bluish black stripe is present along the central line of the head. The pronotum sometimes has two black spots on the front margin and sometimes has eight spots.

The scutellum has eight or six black spots of variable size but with yellowish borders. The lateral angle of the pronotum is elongated into a curved spine but this can be much reduced.

A distinctive symbiotic bacterial genus Sodalis from phylum Gammaproteobacteria is found in its midgut.

Maternal care of eggs and nymphs has been noted in this species.The female covers the eggs after they are laid but eggs on the edge that she cannot cover are often parasitized by wasps.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Hemiptera

Family : Scutelleridae

Genus : Cantao

Species : C. ocellatus

Binomial name : Cantao ocellatus

Thunberg, 1784

Agriotes is a genus of beetles in the family Elateridae which includes numerous species, many of which are found in the Americas, Asia and much of Europe.

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Agriotes sputator is a species of click beetle, commonly known as the common click beetle. The adult beetle is brown and inconspicuous, and the larvae live in the soil and are known as wireworms. They are agricultural pests that devour the roots and underground parts of many crops and other plants.

The adult common click beetle has a length of between 6 and 9 mm (0.24 and 0.35 in) and a width of between 1.8 and 2.8 mm (0.07 and 0.11 in).

The head and pronotum are bluntly pointed and the antennae are as long as the total length of the head and pronotum.

The front edge of the pronotum is brownish ginger, and the whole pronotum is covered by fine puncture marks. The abdomen is brownish black, the wing covers reddish brown tinged with yellow, and the antennae and legs are pale reddish brown.

The pronotum and wing covers are covered in dense, short greyish hairs.

The larva is known as a wireworm and lives in the soil. It is yellow, slender, stiff and leathery, and grows to a length of about 20 mm (0.8 in). The centre of the mandible has a small tooth for gnawing.

The adults are active for one or two months from late spring onwards. About one hundred eggs are laid in batches, 2 to 5 cm (0.8 to 2.0 in) beneath the soil and hatch after about two weeks. The larvae develop in the soil for two to four years. They feed on seeds and seedlings and the new tillers of cereal crops, and gnaw their way into roots, finding their food by smell.

They feed when the soil temperature exceeds 12 °C (54 °F) and need moist soil. They are killed by dry conditions or temperatures below about −6 °C (21 °F) but compensate by moving down through the soil to a meter (yard) or so beneath the surface. 

They can survive for a long time without feeding. When fully-grown, the larvae pupate in late summer in the soil. The adults emerge two to three weeks later. The insects overwinter as adults and as larvae, the whole life cycle taking up to five years to complete.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Coleoptera

Family : Elateridae

Genus : Agriotes

Species : A. sputator

Higher classification : Elaterinae

Tribe : Pomachiliini

Binomial name : Agriotes sputator

Linnaeus, 1758

Aspidimorpha is a large Old World genus of beetles belonging to the family Chrysomelidae and tribe Aspidimorphini. The genus name is frequently misspelled as "Aspidomorpha", due to an unjustified spelling change in 1848.

Aspidimorpha miliaris, the Asian spotted tortoise beetle, is a widespread species of beetles belonging to the family Chrysomelidae. This beetle is characterized by its broad, shield-like body, which is typically yellow, orange-yellow, or pale greenish-yellow, marked with numerous small black spots.

The species is known for its ability to retract its legs under its elytra, giving it a tortoise-like appearance. Aspidimorpha miliaris primarily feeds on the leaves of plants in the morning glory family (Convolvulaceae), including species of Ipomoea and related genera.

The life cycle of Aspidimorpha miliaris includes complete metamorphosis with four stages : egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Females lay clusters of eggs on the underside of host plant leaves, and the larvae are flattened and spiny, with a forked appendage that carries a protective shield. 

This beetle plays an important role in plant–insect interactions and is often found in grasslands, agricultural fields, gardens, forest edges, and disturbed habitats where host plants are abundant.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Clade : Pancrustacea

Class : Insecta

Order : Coleoptera

Suborder : Polyphaga

Infraorder : Cucujiformia

Family : Chrysomelidae

Genus : Aspidimorpha

Species : A. miliaris

Binomial name : Aspidimorpha miliaris

Fabricius, 1775