Cerura is a genus of moths of the family Notodontidae described by Franz von Paula Schrank in 1802. The genus Cerura belongs to the prominent puss moth genus.

Cerura multipunctata is a moth of the Notodontidae family. The scientific name of the species was first validly published in 1904 by Bethune-Baker.

Caterpillar of Ceruna multipunctata is a green insect with pale grey patches on the head, the middle of the back, and the tail. The last pair of prolegs, or claspers, have evolved into long filaments that can be whipped about or held curved back over the body.

This caterpillar can squirt formic acid from glands near the head, which is a defensive mechanism. The caterpillar feeds on plants in the SALICACEAE family.

The adult moth of Cerura multipunctata have forewings that are white with black spots all over them, while the hindwings are white or grey with variable black markings. The female moths have slightly feathery antennae and a wingspan of about 9 cm, whereas the males have densely feathery antennae, narrower forewings, and a wingspan of about 7 cm.

Cerura multipunctata is a specialized moth with a distinct geographic range centered around the Indo-Australian region. The species is widely distributed across Australasia and it is natively found in northern Australia, specifically within the state of Queensland and it is also widely distributed across the entire island of New Guinea.

Surrounding Archipelagos, the moth populates several adjacent islands, including the Moluccas (such as Halmahera, Obi, Bacan, Ambon, and Seram), the Kai and Tanimbar Islands, New Britain, and islands like Biak, Yapen, Goodenough, and Rossel.

The species is highly adaptable to different elevations. Males are commonly found flying in habitats starting from lowlands near sea level (50 metres) up to 1,200 metres. Some specimens have been documented even higher, up to 1,700 metres above sea level in the Arfak Mountains of West Papua.

Cerura multipunctata are nocturnal and are frequently attracted to artificial lights in forest clearings.

They typically inhabit tropical rainforests, wet woodlands, and forested valleys. Because the caterpillars depend entirely on host plants from the Salicaceae family (such as willows and poplars), their localized habitat is closely tied to areas where these trees thrive, such as riparian zones along rivers and streams. 

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Superfamily : Noctuoidea

Family : Notodontidae

Tribe : Dicranurini

Genus : Cerura

Schrank, 1802

Species : Ceruna multipunctata

Bethune-Baker, 1904

Borbacha pardaria is a species of geometer moth belonging to the family Geometridae and the subfamily Ennominae first described by Achille Guenne in 1857.

Borbacha pardaria features a yellowish-brown or mottled brown wing pattern dusted with orange markings, wavy grey-to-black fasciae (bands), and a small black discal spot on both the forewings and hindwings. The wingspan typically ranges from about 35 mm to 45 mm.

Borbacha pardaria is found across parts of Asia, including northeast India (Himalayas), Sundaland (Malaysia, Borneo, Sumatra, Java), Sulawesi, Taiwan, the Ryukyu Islands of Japan (Okinawa and Iriomote), and likely Sri Lanka.

Borbacha pardaria (the Borbacha Geometer Moth) primarily inhabits lowland forests, including lowland alluvial forests and tropical wet or semi-evergreen forests. While they are most reliably anchored within native, contiguous forest stands, adults often occupy the nocturnal canopy and are regularly attracted to artificial light traps.

The larvae rely heavily on low forest vegetation, poplars, and willow groves for food. The base color wings of Borbacha pardaria is typically a pale yellow, yellowish-brown, or pale buff and its also heavily covered in a pinkish-grey or darker brown reticulation like pattern of a net and with fine speckling.

Its wings also display prominent broad bands across, the most noticeable are the hindwing intermedial fascia and the forewing postmedial fascia. When at rests with its wings spread flat, these lines align obliquely to form a seemingly continuous pattern across its body. This cryptic patterning in the wings let the species mimics tree bark and dried leaves, offering highly effective daytime camouflage against its predators.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Family : Geometridae

Genus : Borbacha

Species : B. pardaria

Binomial name : Borbacha pardaria

Guenée, 1857

Synonyms :

Anisodes pardaria Guenée, 1857

The name death's-head hawkmoth refers to any of three moth species of the genus Acherontia (Acherontia atropos, Acherontia styx and Acherontia lachesis). The former species is found throughout Africa and in Europe, the latter two are Asian; most uses of the common name refer to the African species.

These moths are easily distinguishable by the vaguely human skull-shaped pattern of markings on the thorax. They are large nocturnal moths with brown and yellow or orange coloring, and all three species are fairly similar in size, coloration and life cycle.

The death's-head hawkmoth moths have several unusual features. All three species have the ability to emit a loud chirp if irritated. The sound is produced by inhaling and expelling air, which vibrates the epipharynx like an accordion, often accompanied by flashing of the brightly colored abdomen in a further attempt to deter predators.

The chirp of the death's head hawkmoth takes approximately one-fifth of a second. A study by National Geographic found that the epipharynx was originally built to suck up honey, but later evolved to produce sound.

Acherontia lachesis, the greater death's head hawkmoth or bee robber, is a large sphingid moth found in India, Sri Lanka and much of the East Asian region. It is one of the three species of death's-head hawkmoth genus, Acherontia. This species has a large wingspan up to 13 cm.

The species Acherontia lachesis, was first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1798. It is nocturnal and very fond of honey; they can mimic the scent of honey bees so that they can enter a hive unharmed to get honey.

Their tongue, which is stout and very strong, enables them to pierce the wax cells and suck the honey out. This species occurs throughout almost the entire Oriental region, from India, Pakistan and Nepal to the Philippines, and from southern Japan and the southern Russian Far East to Indonesia, where it attacks colonies of several different honey bee species. It has recently become established on the Hawaiian Islands.

Acherontia lachesis, the greater death's head hawkmoth eggs are laid on a variety of host plants belonging to the families Solanaceae, Verbenaceae, Fabaceae, Oleaceae, Bignoniaceae, and others. Mature larvae can attain a length of 125 mm and occur in green, yellow and brownish-grey colour forms (most commonly grey), with oblique body stripes and a prickly tail horn that is curled at the extreme tip.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Family : Sphingidae

Genus : Acherontia

Species : A. lachesis

Binomial name : Acherontia lachesis

Fabricius, 1798

Fraser Hill

Herochroma is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae. The genus was described by Charles Swinhoe in 1893.

Herochroma urapteraria is a moth belonging to the family Geometridae (emerald moths) within the tribe Pseudoterpnini. It was first described by Francis Walker in 1860, this insect is highly adapted to tropical forest environments. It is found in Sundaland (including the Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, and Java).

Herochroma urapteraria is rare in the lowlands, its habitat consists of lower and upper montane forests zones at (1000-2000m). 

Herochroma urapteraria is nocturnal and crepuscular, it is primarily active at night as well as during the hours of dawn and dusk. Its body color and patterns on the wing helps it remain camouflaged against moss and foliage during daytime when at rest.

The larval host plants for the emerald moth Herochroma urapteraria primarily include woody plant species from the genus Schefflera (belonging to the ivy and ginseng family, Araliaceae).

More broadly across the tribe Pseudoterpnini (to which this genus belongs), caterpillars typically feed on trees and woody shrubs.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Family : Geometridae

Genus : Herochroma

Species : H. urapteraria

Binomial name : Herochroma urapteraria

Walker, 1860

Synonyms : 

Hypochroma urapteraria Walker, 1860

Archaeobalbis urapteraria eudicheres Prout, 1916

Fraser Hill

Barsine is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae. Moths in the genus Barsine belong to the diverse subfamily Arctiinae (specifically the tribe Lithosiini, commonly known as footman moths).

The larvae of footman moths like Barsine generally do not feed heavily on the leaves of higher vascular plants. Instead, they primarily feed on lichens, liverworts, mosses, and algae growing on the damp bark of trees or rocks within their dense forest habitats.

Barsine rubricostata is a lichen moth belongs to the Lithosiini tribe (within the family Erebidae), a large group of moths universally known as lichen moths because their caterpillars feed almost exclusively on lichens, mosses, and algae instead of typical plant leaves.

Barsine rubricostata is found in Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo. This is generally a rare species ranging from the lowlands to 1,790 meters. Barsine rubricostata do not have a traditional host plant; as caterpillars, they feed almost exclusively on lichens, mosses, and algae.

Due to its highly localized populations and specific habitat constraints, and low collection numbers in surveys, Barsine rubricostata is classified as a generally rare species.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Superfamily : Noctuoidea

Family : Erebidae

Subfamily : Arctiinae

Genus : Barsine

Species : B. rubricostata

Binomial name : Barsine rubricostata

Herrich-Schäffer, 1855

Synonyms : 

Hypocrita rubricostata Herrich-Schäffer, 1855

Hypoprepia rubrigutta Walker, 1862

Miltochrista rubricostata Herrich-Schaffer; Holloway, 1976

Fraser Hill

Agathia codina is a species of nocturnal moth in the family Geometridae first described by Charles Swinhoe in 1892. It is found in the north-eastern parts of the Himalaya, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra and Borneo.

Agathia codina is native to tropical and subtropical forest ecosystems, heavily relying on dense foliage where their primary host plants grow, it is frequently recorded in lowland forest in Borneo and it is also documented in cooler forested highland habitats up to 1,200 meters, notably in montane forest areas like Fraser's Hill in Malaysia.

Agathia codina exhibits unique visual and behavioral traits designed for camouflage in tropical environments, its wings feature a bright vibrant emerald colour base contrasting sharply with intricate dark markings. It has  a complex intersecting bands of purplish-brown, chocolate brown, or greyish-brown across both the forewings and hindwings. 

Agathia codina is known for having more diffuse, irregular banding accross its wings, these patterns act as disruptive coloration to break up the moth's outline against leaves. 

The hindwings typically feature small, distinct tail-like extensions or scalloped margins, often marked with dark spots or patches at the tips and abdomen and thorax generally mirror the wing patterns, featuring green coloration interrupted by brown bands or tufts.

The entire lifespan of Agathia codina and most geometer moths spans less than a year from egg to adult.

Each stage of their duration varies significantly.

From eggs to hatch depending on the humidity and temperature of their tropical rainforest habitat, it takes roughly 8 to 10 days to hatch. Larvae stage  typically lasting from 3 to 5 weeks which is the longest and most destructive phase of their lives. During the larvae weeks it feed continuously on toxic milkweed and dogbane plants.

The pupa transformation stage takes roughly 10 days to a month inside the cocoon. Once it emerge as an adult striking green moth, its remaining lifespan is typically a short period within 5 to 9 days.

While rare case under optimal conditions, adults can survive up to 20 to 30 days, as their only goal during this final phase are to find mate and egg laying for next generation. (diypest.co.uk)

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Family : Geometridae

Genus : Agathia

Species : A. codina

Binomial name : Agathia codina

C. Swinhoe, 1892

Fraser Hill

Orybina is a genus of moths of the family Pyralidae. It was described by Snellen in 1895. The Pyralidae, commonly called pyralid moths, snout moths or grass moths, are a family of Lepidoptera in the ditrysian superfamily Pyraloidea.

In many (particularly older) classifications, the grass moths (Crambidae) are included in the Pyralidae as a subfamily, making the combined group one of the largest families in the Lepidoptera.

The latest review by Eugene G. Munroe and Maria Alma Solis retain the Crambidae as a full family of Pyraloidea. The wingspans for small and medium-sized species are usually between 9 and 37 mm (0.35 and 1.46 in) with variable morphological features.

Orybina kobesi is a unique species of snout moth of the Pyralidae family.  The scientific name of the species was first validly published in 1984 by Raimund-Albert Roesler. 

Orybina kobesi is a moth species native to Southeast Asian montane and evergreen forest found in various regions, including India (specifically Arunachal Pradesh and West Bengal), Myanmar, and Nepal. It inhabits lowland to montane areas at elevations up to 1500 meters. Additionally, it has been recorded in Borneo and Peninsular Malaysia.

Orybina kobesi is characterized by its forewing convex at the middle of the termen, with sinuous ante- and postmedial lines. The distal process of the gnathos is about 2/5 the length of the uncus, and the truncate apex of the valva in the male genitalia is a key diagnostic feature. In the female genitalia, the ductus bursae is about four times as long as the corpus bursae.

Orybina kobesi is a nocturnal (night-flying) moth. Like the vast majority of snout moths in the family Pyralidae, adults are active during the night and are strongly attracted to artificial light sources.

During the day, they remain completely inactive, resting upside down or flattened against tree bark and foliage where their dramatic snake-mimic forewing tips protect them from daytime predators.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Superfamily : Pyraloidea

Family : Pyralidae

Latreille, 1809

Genus : Orybina

Snellen, 1895

Species : Orybina kobesi 

Roesler 1984

Fraser Hill

Tanaorhinus is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae. It was described by Butler in 1879. Like most members of the Geometridae family, adults are primarily active at night and are commonly attracted to artificial light sources. During the day, they remain resting on vegetation, using their rich green coloration as camouflage to blend into foliage.

Tanaorhinus viridiluteata is a species of moth of the family Geometridae first described by Francis Walker in 1861. 

Tanaorhinus viridiluteata is a nocturnal species of moth native to the tropical and subtropical forests of Asia, recognized for its dramatic wing shape and vibrant coloration.

Tanaorhinus viridiluteata the emerald moth thrives in dense primary and secondary vegetated rainforests and community forest ecosystems that align with its caterpillar host plants, its has an approximate wingspan ranging between 48 mm to 70 mm.

Tanaorhinus viridiluteata are notable for their striking wing patterns with darkish bluish-green coloration on the upperside, paler fasciation, and yellow hindwings displaying dull red or mauve suffusion and banding on the underside. Theres also two prominient white patches and two black dot on both upperside of the wing. 

Its wing shape is distinctly falcate (hook-shaped). The tips of the forewings curve dynamically outward into a sharp point, mimicking a dead or damaged leaf profile. 

Males feature narrowly bipectinate (comb-like) antennae along the first two-thirds of their length to detect female pheromones at night.

The color of Tanaorhinus viridiluteata will change significantly when exposed to moisture and light, though the mechanism and permanence of the change depend heavily on whether the moth is alive or a preserved specimen.

While living, the moth uses metabolic processes to maintain its green pigment for leaf camouflage. However, environmental humidity shifts can alter the refractive properties of the microscopic scales on the wings, making the color appear temporarily altered or less vibrant in extreme wet conditions.

Tanaorhinus viridiluteata the emerald moth underside features highly contrasting colors, heavily suffused with yellow, brown, and mauve. The apparent color shifts instantly due to the way light reflects off the physical wing structure during its flight or posture changes from different angle.

Prolonged light exposure in Tanaorhinus viridiluteata the emerald green moth especially UV rays or direct sunlight, will cause the natural pigments in the wings to oxidize and break down permanently. Over time, a vibrant green specimen exposed to light will turn into a washed-out yellow or light brown.

Tanaorhinus viridiluteata prefers montane forests and higher-elevation wooded habitats, it is found widely across the region, including India (such as Northeast India, West Bengal, and Mizoram), Taiwan, Southern China, and Sundaland (including parts of Malaysia and Borneo).

Phylum : Arthropoda

Clade : Pancrustacea

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Family : Geometridae

Genus : Tanaorhinus

Species : T. viridiluteata

Binomial name : Tanaorhinus viridiluteata

Walker, 1861

Synonyms : 

Geometra viridiluteata Walker, 1861

Tanaorhinus viridiluteata (Walker, 1861) or variant Tanaorhinus viridiluteatus)

Fraser Hill

Apsarasa is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae. The genus was erected by Frederic Moore in 1867.

Apsarasa radians (commonly known as the radiating owlet) is a moth of the family Noctuidae first described by John O. Westwood in 1848. It is found in the north-eastern parts of the Himalayas, south-eastern Asia, the Andamans, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo, the Philippines and Sulawesi.

Apsarasa radians most frequently have been known to prefer lowland forest areas with an average rainfall intensity between 1000m and 1200m.

Apsarasa radians had a unique wing patterns, the forewings feature a highly unusual, almost painting-like geometric layout. They consist of a lustrous, longitudinal iridescent blue or indigo band running down the center. Radiating outward from this central band toward the edges are a series of cream, pale-yellow, or white latitudinal stripes and blocks.

The hypnotic, vibrant coloration is widely believed to be an aposematic warning signal to potential predators. The bright colors warn birds and other predators that the moth may be toxic or unpalatable.

The host plant for Apsarasa radians is Vitex quinata, belongs to the Lamiaceae (mint) family (previously classified under Verbenaceae). Vitex quinata is a species of flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae. It is sometimes referred to by the common name joho lawe tree.

The caterpillar (larva) of Apsarasa radians exhibits highly specialized characteristics designed to match the survival needs of its environment. The mature larva is predominantly blue-and-white striped with stark black bands running across its segmented body.

The body features a distinctly bumpy, segmented texture. It is covered in noticeable, small blue spiky protrusions (tubercles) that serve as a strong visual and mechanical deterrent against potential threats.

Apsarasa radians relies on highly specific environmental factors to survive, it prefers warm, humid climate, undisturbed primary lowland rainforest zones with dense canopy thriving predominantly in pristine, humid tropical ecosystems.

Apsarasa radians is native to the tropical rainforests of Southeast Asia and surrounding regions, including the northeastern Himalayas, Taiwan, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo, the Philippines, and Sulawesi. 

It primarily populates pristine lowland forests and undisturbed foothill areas.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Superfamily : Noctuoidea

Family : Noctuidae

Genus : Apsarasa

Species : A. radians

Binomial name : Apsarasa radians

Westwood, 1848

Synonyms :

Noctua radians Westwood, 1848

Apsarasa figurata Moore, 1877

Apsarasa nigrotarsata Grünberg, 1911

Apsarasa dajakana Grünberg, 1911

Fraser Hill

Dudusa is a genus of moths in the family Notodontidae. It was first described by Francis Walker in 1865. Moths in genus Dudusa are large, with yellow to ochre forewings and brown hindwings, and show little sexual dimorphism. Species occur in Asia, with the most diversity in Indochina.

Dudusa synopla is a species of moth in the family Notodontidae, it was first described by Swinhoe in 1907. Dudusa synopla is characterized by its orange-brown coloration, a complete uninterrupted dorsal pale line on the abdomen, and less white on the forewing costa compared to its relative Dudusa nobilis.

This nocturnal moth is known for its mimicry and is often found in dense forests. Its larvae primarily feed on leaves from various deciduous trees, and it has a unique egg-laying ritual. The adult moth has a robust body and wings with intricate patterns that aid in camouflage among the foliage and bark, eluding potential predators.

Dudusa synopla is found in regions such as India, Myanmar, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Malaysia, Thailand, Java Bali, Borneo, Taiwan and parts of South China. 

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Superfamily : Noctuoidea

Family : Notodontidae

Subfamily : Dudusinae

Genus : Dudusa

Walker, 1865

Species : Dudusa synopla 

Swinhoe 1907

Fraser Hill

The Noctuidae, commonly known as noctuid moths or owlet moths, and their caterpillars as cutworms or armyworms, are a family of moths. Taxonomically, they are considered the most difficult family in the superfamily Noctuoidea because the classification of many of the clades is constantly changing with new research, along with that of other families of the Noctuoidea.

It was considered the largest family in Lepidoptera for a long time, but after regrouping Lymantriinae, Catocalinae and Calpinae within the family Erebidae, the latter holds this title now. Currently, Noctuidae is the second largest family in Noctuoidea, with about 1,089 genera and 11,772 species. This classification is still unsettled, as more changes continue to appear between Noctuidae and Erebidae.

Checupa is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae in the order Lepidoptera described by Louis Beethoven Prout in 1924. Checupa curvivena belongs to the genus Checupa, and family Noctuidae.

Checupa curvivena is  a species of Moth from the Family Noctuidae, it is characterized by its large size and strikingly marked green and brown forewings. These features distinguish it from other Bornean apameine Amphipyrinae species. 

The forewing pattern is more strikingly contrasted than the type species, and the species is usually abundant in upper montane forests above 1000m, although a few individuals have been found in lowland forests in Brunei.

Checupa curvivena is a species of owlet moth (family Noctuidae) primarily native to the tropical montane and dipterocarp rainforests of Southeast Asia.

The species is recorded across Malaysia (including regions like the Genting Highlands in Pahang and the Jungles of Sabah) and parts of the Borneo region.

It thrives in montane forests, tea estates, and forested highland camps. It is highly attracted to light in dense, humid forest environments.

Caterpillars belonging to the genus Checupa have been documented in Southeast Asia feeding on plants in the family Vitaceae, specifically climbing vines within the genus Cissus.

The geographic distribution of Checupa curvivena (commonly known as the narrow-winged green owlet moth) spans across regions of Southeast Asia and East.

Specifically, this moth species can be found in Sundaland, Including Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, and Sumatra (Indonesia), Sulawesi, Thailand and in Taiwan it was primarily observed inhabiting low-to-mid elevation mountainous areas.  In The Philippines it was recorded in areas such as Luzon. 

Checupa curvivena are heavily reliant on undisturbed or semi-disturbed primary rainforests and mossy cloud forests. These environments provide an abundance of moss, lichens, and specific host plants necessary for their life cycle. Because they are highly nocturnal, adults are most frequently encountered at night and are readily attracted to light traps used during wilderness surveys in places like the Genting Highlands of Malaysia or the mountains of Taiwan.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Clade : Pancrustacea

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Superfamily : Noctuoidea

Family : Noctuidae

Genus : Checupa

Moore, 1867

Species : Checupa curvivena 

Prout 1924

Fraser Hill

Actias is a genus of Saturniid moths, which contains the Asian-American moon moths. Long tails on their hindwings are among their distinctive traits. Other moths with similar appearance are Copiopteryx, Argema and Eudaemonia.

The majority of species in this genus feed on the leaves of sweetgum, pine, or similar trees. As with all Saturniids, adult Actias moths lack functional mouthparts so their lifespan after emergence from the cocoon only ranges from a few days to a week.

The Malaysian moon moth, Actias maenas, is characterized by its purplish-brown and yellow male and light green female coloration. The species is known for its highly sexual dimorphism and is one of the larger moon moths of the genus Actias. 

The wingspan of Actias maenas ranges between 12 and 14 cm, and it is known for its easy rearing in captivity, making it suitable for newcomers. The species prefers Liquidambar and Eucalyptus as food plants and is relatively fast-growing, ready to pupate within 5 to 6 weeks. The pupal stage in between flights is short, approximately 2 to 3 weeks, and the species is relatively fast-growing in warmer conditions.

Actias maenas, commonly known as the Malaysian moon moth, is distributed throughout the warmer parts of Asia, including regions from India through Nepal and southern China to Laos and Vietnam. It is found in Thailand and Malaysia. The species is known for its easy rearing conditions, suitable for beginners, and can develop relatively quickly.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Clade : Pancrustacea

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Family : Saturniidae

Genus : Actias

Species : A. maenas

Binomial name : Actias maenas

Doubleday, 1847

Eudocima is a genus of moths of the family Erebidae with numerous tropical species.

The genus was first categorised by Gustaf Johan Billberg in 1820, and species currently in the genus have been placed under a range of other genera in the past.

Adult moths in the genus are known for puncturing and feeding on the juices of fruits, because of which they are considered as pests by horticulturists.

Eudocima smaragdipicta is a species of moth within the Erebidae family, commonly known as a fruit-piercing moth. This is an uncommon lowland forest species, though with one record from 1000m on G. Mulu.

Eudocima smaragdipicta is known for its green markings, particularly on the forewings, with some having a violet iridescence. 

The larvae of this species has been recorded feeding on host plant Fibraurea Menispermaceae.

(Robinson et al., 2001)

It was first described by Francis Walker in 1857. Geographical range of this species E. smaragdipicta can be found in Borneo, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore.

This above species was shot at home and has a length of 2inch / 5.08cm

​

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Superfamily : Noctuoidea

Family : Erebidae

Tribe : Ophiderini

Genus : Eudocima

Billberg, 1820

Species : Eudocima smaragdipicta

OUTR : 28-02-2025

Hooktip Moth Tridrepana is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily Drepaninae. 

The Drepanidae are a family of moths with about 660 species described worldwide. They are generally divided in three subfamilies which share the same type of hearing organ.

Thyatirinae, previously often placed in their own family, bear a superficial resemblance to Noctuidae. Many species in the drepanid family have a distinctively hook-shaped apex to the fore wing, leading to their common name of hook-tips.

Tridrepana fulvata Hooktip Moth is a moth in the family Drepanidae. This is a bright yellow species with rufous shading restricted to fine, irregular fasciae and a conspicuous patch just posterior to the white forewing discal spots. This is a common species of lowland forest moth.

The wingspan is 30–38 mm for males and 32.5–45 mm for females. The larvae feed on Nephelium species.

Nephelium is a genus of about 25 species of flowering plants in the family Sapindaceae native to southeastern Asia.

They are evergreen trees with pinnately compound leaves, and edible drupaceous fruit, one species,

N. lappaceum (rambutan) is commercially important for its fruit. The genus is closely related to Litchi and

Dimocarpus.

Tridrepana fulvata was described by Snellen in 1876. It is found in China, India, Myanmar, Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Family : Drepanidae

Genus : Tridrepana

Species : T. fulvata

Binomial name : Tridrepana fulvata

Snellen, 1876

Synonyms : 

Drepana fulvata Snellen, 1876

Platypteryx fulvata

T15 : 12-12-24

Enpinanga is a genus of moths in the family Sphingidae first described by Walter Rothschild and Karl Jordan in 1903.

Enpinanga borneensis is a moth of the family Sphingidae. It is known from Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia (Peninsular, Sarawak), Indonesia (Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan) and the Philippines (Palawan).

Adults are strongly sexually dimorphic. Larvae have been recorded feeding on Dillenia (such as Dillenia suffruticosa in Singapore) and Tetracera species.

The Sphingidae are a family of moths commonly called sphinx moths, also colloquially known as hawk moths, with many of their caterpillars known as hornworms. It includes about 1,450 species.

It is best represented in the tropics, but species are found in every region. They are moderate to large in size and are distinguished among moths for their agile and sustained flying ability, similar enough to that of hummingbirds as to be reliably mistaken for them.

Their narrow wings and streamlined abdomens are adaptations for rapid flight. The family was named by French zoologist Pierre André Latreille in 1802.

Sphingids have been studied for their flying ability, especially their ability to move rapidly from side to side while hovering, called "swing-hovering" or "side-slipping".

This is thought to have evolved to deal with ambush predators that lie in wait in flowers. Sphingids are some of the faster flying insects; some are capable of flying at over 5.3 m/s (19 km/h). 

They have wingspans from 4 cm (1+1⁄2 in) to over 10 cm (4 in). Sphingid's antennae are generally not very feathery, even in males. They lack tympanal organs.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Family : Sphingidae

Genus : Enpinanga

Species : E. borneensis

Binomial name : Enpinanga borneensis

Butler, 1879

Synonyms :

Angonyx borneensis Butler, 1879

Daphnis labuana Rothschild, 1895

Ulu Sembawang : 28-10-24

Spodoptera is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae erected by Achille Guenée in 1852.

Many are known as pest insects. The larvae are sometimes called armyworms. The roughly thirty species are distributed across six continents.

Spodoptera picta, the lily caterpillar, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It was described by Félix Édouard Guérin-Méneville in 1838.

It is found from India, South-east Asia and Japan through Indonesia and the western part of South Pacific ocean to Fiji.

It is generally an ochreous-white moth. The head and thorax are suffused with pinkish red. The forewings have some red on their costal base.

​There are numerous ill-defined waved black lines present between the base and antemedial line. Orbicular and claviform consisting black rings.

A medial pinkish red band, wide at costa narrowing to inner margin. The reniform with ochreous and black outlines and red center.

The postmedial double waved lines are filled in with ochreous and highly excurved beyond the cell. Some black dashes can be seen on reddish patches beyond it. Hindwings semi-hyaline white. The wingspan is about 40 mm.

Caterpillars have smooth skin and are pale grey with a series of longitudinal black lines. Mesothorax also has dark patches with last abdominal segment. With development, central dorsal line become yellowish.

The larvae feed on Crinum asiaticum, Crinum pedunculatum, Clivia miniata, Hymenocallis littoralis, and Hippeastrum species.

They bore into the leaves and down into the crown of the bulb , eggs are laid on lily plants in a mass on the underside of a foodplant leaf and covered in pale brown hairs. The mass has a width of about 7 mm.

The caterpillar pupates in leaf litter. Pupation takes place under ground in an earthen cocoon.

​

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Superfamily : Noctuoidea

Family : Noctuidae

Genus : Spodoptera

Species : S. picta

Binomial name : Spodoptera picta

Guérin-Méneville, 1838

Synonyms :

Noctua picta Guérin-Méneville, [1838]

Calogramma picta

Phalaena festiva Donovan, 1805 (preocc. Phalaena festiva Cramer, 1775)

Polia picta Boisduval, 1832 (repl., preocc. Noctua picta Guérin-Méneville, [1831])

Short from home : 12-10-24

Utetheisa pulchelloides, the heliotrope moth, is a moth of the family Erebidae.

It is found in the Indo-Australian region including Borneo, Hong Kong, New Zealand, Papua, Seychelles,

most of Australia, Tenerife and La Línea de la Concepción [Cádiz]. The species was first described by George Hampson in 1907.

In Singapore this probably is an introduce species by accidental thru import of plants. Moths are major source of food for other wildlife including birds, reptiles, frogs, bats and other mammals.

​Heliotrope Moths are active pollinators in the home garden and improve biodiversity connectivity. This moth appears white when flying but at rest, a pattern of red and black spots is visible on the forewings.

The wingspan of the adult moth is 3 cm. The hindwing is white with 2 black spots and an irregular black margin. Caterpillars are black with orange spots with broken cream lines and sparse grey hairs.

A pattern of red and black spots is visible on the forewings when the moth is at rest. Hindwing of male with no fold or glandular tuft on inner margin. Head and thorax yellowish.

Collar and tegula each with two black spots. Each thoracic segment with one each black spot. Third joint of palpi black and abdomen whitish. Forewing white with five interrupted scarlet bands with series of black spots between them.

A marginal series of black spots present. Hindwings are semi-diaphanous white, but some specimen with black on the discocellulars.

A very irregular black sub-marginal band, broad at apical area and between veins 1b and 3.

Larva dark grey with a dorsal white band and sub-dorsal series of red spots. Head yellow. It pupates in a loose cocoon that spun in the leaf litter on the ground below the food plant.

The larvae feed on Argusia argentea, Echium plantagineum, Heliotropium arborescens and Myosotis arvensis.

The species is frequent in open, disturbed and agricultural habitats in the lowlands.

The most frequently recorded host-plant is Messerschmidia (Robinson & Robinson), but the species has also been recorded from other Boraginaceae such as Bothriospermum (Miyata, 1983), Heliotropium (Sevastopulo, 1944, McFarland, 1979) Echium and Myosotis (McFarland, 1979).

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Superfamily : Noctuoidea

Family : Erebidae

Subfamily : Arctiinae

Genus : Utetheisa

Species : U. pulchelloides

Binomial name : Utetheisa pulchelloides

Hampson, 1907

Synonyms :

Utetheisa idae Gates Clarke, 1940

Utetheisa dorsifumata Prout, 1920

T7 : 02-08-24

Asota is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae first described by Jacob Hübner in 1819.

Species are widely distributed throughout Africa, India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, the Malayan region and tropical parts of the Australian region.

Palpi upturned, where the second joint reaching the vertex of the head and the third joint is slender in variable lengths.

Antennae fasciculated (bundled) in males and ciliated (hairy) in females. Forewings with vein 5 from the lower angle of cell or just above it. Vein 6 from the upper angle or below it. Areole absent.

Hindwings with vein 5 from just above lower angle of cell. Veins 6 and 7 from the upper angle.

Snouted Tiger Moths, asota egens is a species of noctuoid moths in the family Erebidae. It is found from Japan and the Oriental tropics, east to New Guinea. The wingspan is 54–60 mm.

Asota egens is pure yellow overall body, but some individuals have a slightly brownish color. The lower body has several large black spots. At the base of the upper side of forewings there are small black spots.

Subspecies : Asota egens egens (China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Peninsula Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam)

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Superfamily : Noctuoidea

Family : Erebidae

Genus : Asota

Species : A. egens

Binomial name : Asota egens

Subspecies : Asota egens egens

Walker, 1854

T15 : 02-08-24

The geometer moths are moths belonging to the family Geometridae of the insect order Lepidoptera, the moths and butterflies.

Many geometrids have slender abdomens and broad wings which are usually held flat with the hindwings visible. As such, they appear rather butterfly-like, but in most respects they are typical moths.

The majority fly at night. They possess a frenulum to link the wings, and the antennae of the males are often feathered.

They tend to blend into the background, often with intricate, wavy patterns on their wings. In some species, females have reduced wings.

​Fascellina chromataria is a moth in the family Geometridae described by Francis Walker in 1860. It is found in Korea, Japan, Taiwan, China, India, Bhutan, Sri Lanka and Singapore.

The wingspan of the male is 38 mm. Forewings with outer and inner margins excised towards outer angle.

Hindwings with the costa and apex more or less truncate and excised. Cilia non-crenulate. Male has deep reddish-brown body with an olive shade and slightly suffused with purplish grey.

Wings with dark striae. Forewings with grey costa. There is an oblique antemedial line angled below the costa and a yellow spot at end of the cell often with a hyaline center.

Traces of a postmedial line can be seen. A curved and waved purplish-grey submarginal line present angled below costa, and on the hindwings becoming postmedial.

Ventral side of forewings with yellow basal half, brown outer area, bright reddish brown inside the postmedial line. This postmedial line is prominent, angled and purple, or with a quadrate sinus below costa and often waved towards inner margin.

Hindwings yellow, suffused and striated with rufous outer area. There is an indistinct postmedial and curved crenulate submarginal line present. Wingspan of the female is 44 mm.

Female much similar to male, but differs in much red in color. Larva purplish black with irregular purple-red markings in the thoracic segments. Head cleft and produced to two papillae. The larvae have been recorded feeding on Lindera, Cinnamomum, Machilus and Illicium species.

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Family : Geometridae

Genus : Fascellina

Species : F. chromataria

Binomial name : Fascellina chromataria

Walker, 1860

Bastilla is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae. The genus was described by Charles Swinhoe in 1918.

Most species in the genus were formerly placed in the genus Dysgonia.

Bastilla fulvotaenia is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found from the Indian subregion and Sri Lanka, Taiwan to Lombok, Seram and Buru. Adult is a fruit-piercer.

Its wingspan is about 70–80 mm. Males with a cleft running the whole length of the mid-tibia and containing a mass of flocculent scales.

Body reddish brown. Forewings with purplish suffused medial band and postmedial line dark throughout, and with an indistinct dentate line beyond it.

Hindwings with a medial orange band, which is wide towards costa. The larvae feed on Glochidion species.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Superfamily : Noctuoidea

Family : Erebidae

Genus:Bastilla

Species : B. fulvotaenia

Binomial name : Bastilla fulvotaenia

Guenée, 1852

T15 : 30-6-24

The Zygaenidae moths are a family of Lepidoptera. The majority of zygaenids are tropical, but they are nevertheless quite well represented in temperate regions.

Some of the 1000 or so species are commonly known as burnet or forester moths, often qualified by the number of spots, although other families also have 'foresters'. They are also sometimes called smoky moths.

Larvae are stout and may be flattened. A fleshy extension of the thorax covers the head. Most feed on herbaceous plants, but some are tree feeders.

Larvae in two subfamilies, Chalcosiinae and Zygaeninae, have cavities in which they store the cyanide, and can excrete it as defensive droplets.

Zygaenid moths are typically day flying with a slow, fluttering flight, and with rather clubbed antennae.

They generally have a metallic sheen and often prominent spots of red or yellow. The bright colours are a warning to predators that the moths are distasteful - they contain hydrogen cyanide (HCN) throughout all stages of their life cycle.

Unlike most insects with such toxins, they obtain glucosides from the plants they utilize so that HCN can be used as a defence.

However, they are capable of making HCN themselves, and when in an environment poor in cyanide-producing plants, synthesize it themselves. They form mimicry complexes based on these toxins.

Cyclosia is a genus of zygaenid moth that has a mimicry complex with the milkweed butterfly.

Cyclosia papilionaris caterpillar, cyclosia papilionaris, Drury's jewel, is a moth in the family Zygaenidae.

It was described by Dru Drury in 1773. It is found from Thailand to southern China and Singapore. It is also found in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India.

The larvae of Drury’s jewel moth are caterpillars that feed mainly on the leaves of Aporosa dioica (Euphorbiaceae) and other host plants, undergoing four instars over about 20 days under optimal conditions.

Drury’s jewel larvae occur in rainforest and humid deciduous forest habitats from sea level to ~1,000 m altitude. They are part of the Chalcosiinae subfamily of Zygaenidae, and their life cycle is tied to the availability of host plants in these habitats.

Drury’s jewel moth larvae are leaf‑feeding caterpillars on Aporosa dioica and related plants, with a four‑instar larval stage lasting about three weeks, followed by a leaf‑attached pupal stage, and are notable for both their ecological role and susceptibility to parasitoids

Larvae of the Drury’s jewel moth (cyclosia papilionaris) habitat consists of rainforests and humid deciduous forests at altitudes up to 1,000 meters. Interestingly the larva is able to change its body colour by itself during the photo shoot, probably it is due to the light shine after some times that mades it changes its body colour from turquoise blue to purple

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Family : Zygaenidae

Genus : Cyclosia

Species : C. papilionaris

Binomial name : Cyclosia papilionaris

Drury, 1773

T7 PL : 26-6-24

The geometer moths are moths belonging to the family Geometridae of the insect order Lepidoptera, the moths and butterflies.

Geometridae is a very large family, containing around 23,000 described species, over 1400 species from six subfamilies are indigenous to North America alone.

A well-known member is the peppered moth, Biston betularia, which has been the subject of numerous studies in population genetics. Several other geometer moths are notorious pests.

Many geometrids have slender abdomens and broad wings which are usually held flat with the hindwings visible. As such, they appear rather butterfly-like, but in most respects they are typical moths.

The majority fly at night. They possess a frenulum to link the wings, and the antennae of the males are often feathered. They tend to blend into the background, often with intricate, wavy patterns on their wings.

In some species, females have reduced wings (e.g. winter moth and fall cankerworm). Most are of moderate size, about 3 cm (1.2 in) in wingspan, but a range of sizes occur, from 10–50 mm (0.39–1.97 in), and a few (e.g., Dysphania species) reach an even larger size. 

They have distinctive paired tympanal organs at the base of the abdomen (these are absent in flightless females).

Chrysocraspeda is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae described by Charles Swinhoe in 1893.

C. dipyramida is a species of geometer moths belonging to the family Geometridae.

Diagnosis : The ground colour is pale yellow, almost completely shaded by grey (females) or stippled red with a red border in a Plutodes-like pattern.

The hindwing margin is angled centrally, unlike in other species sharing this pattern, and there is an arcuate fine, dark, discal line, given that some other species in the genus are sexually dimorphic, and the sexes share the angled hindwing margin and general shape of the dark shading. The holotype is female.

Habitat preference. This is a lowland species

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Family : Geometridae

Tribe : Cosymbiini

Genus : Chrysocraspeda

C. Swinhoe, 1893

Species : Chrysocraspeda dipyramida

Prout, 1918

Synonyms :

Heteroctenis Prout, 1916

Chrysocraspeda Hampson, 1895

Chrysolene Warren, 1897

Ptochophyle Warren, 1896

T7 : June 24

The Erebidae are a family of moths in the superfamily Noctuoidea. The family is among the largest families of moths by species count and contains a wide variety of well-known macromoth groups.

The family includes the underwings (Catocala), litter moths (Herminiinae), tiger, lichen, and wasp moths (Arctiinae), tussock moths (Lymantriinae), including the arctic woolly bear moth (Gynaephora groenlandica), fruit-piercing moths (Calpinae and others), micronoctuoid moths (Micronoctuini), snout moths (Hypeninae), and zales, though many of these common names can also refer to moths outside the Erebidae (for example, crambid snout moths).

Some of the erebid moths are called owlets.

Cyana is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae. Species are well distributed in Africa, Madagascar, China, India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Sumatra, Java, Borneo and Singapore. The genus was erected by Francis Walker in 1854.

The habitat consists of lowland forests, extending more weakly into lower montane forests.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Superfamily : Noctuoidea

Family : Erebidae

Subfamily : Arctiinae

Subtribe : Nudariina

Genus : Cyana

Species : Cyana perornata

Walker, 1854

Erebus is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae.

The Erebidae are a family of moths in the superfamily Noctuoidea. The family is among the largest families of moths by species count and contains a wide variety of well-known macromoth groups.

Noctuoidea is the superfamily of noctuid (Latin "night owl") or "owlet" moths, and has more than 70,000 described species, the largest number of any Lepidopteran superfamily.

Its classification has not yet reached a satisfactory or stable state. Since the end of the 20th century, increasing availability of molecular phylogenetic data for this hugely successful radiation has led to several competing proposals for a taxonomic arrangement that correctly represents the relationships between the major lineages.

Erebus hieroglyphica is a moth of the family Erebidae. It is found from the Oriental tropical countries such as India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Japan, China, Taiwan, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, and Korea. The habitat consist of lowland forests.

Its wingspan is about 88 mm. Adults exhibit strong sexual dimorphism. They have been reported feeding on the juices of tropical fruit.

Male with vein 3 running to the functional apex of hindwing. The costal fold obsolete, and the small patch with gland. Male with veins 4 to 8 of hindwings moderately developed in the aborted costal area.

Body rich blackish brown. Forewings with a whorl-shaped black mark beyond end of cell, bilobed and expanding at head, where it is outlined with blue.

An oblique yellow bar runs from costa near apex, and very few show reaching outer margin.

Female has brown body with black stria. Forewings with white oblique bar. Both wings with traces of postmedial band of whitish marks and white spot on forewing above vein.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Superfamily : Noctuoidea

Family : Erebidae

Genus : Erebus

Species : E. hieroglyphica

Binomial name : Erebus hieroglyphica

Drury, 1773

Synonyms : 

Phalaena hieroglyphica Drury, 1773

Erebus hieroglyphicus

Argiva celebensis Hopffer, 1874

Phalaena hermonia Cramer, 1777

Bocana lunaris Walker, 1865

Phalaena mygdonia Cramer, 1777

Nyctipao tenebratus Prout, 1919

Noctua ulula Fabricius, 1775

The Sphingidae are a family of moths commonly called sphinx moths, also colloquially known as hawk moths, with many of their caterpillars known as "hornworms"; it includes about 1,450 species.

It is best represented in the tropics, but species are found in every region. They are moderate to large in size and are distinguished among moths for their agile and sustained flying ability, similar enough to that of hummingbirds as to be reliably mistaken for them.

Their narrow wings and streamlined abdomens are adaptations for rapid flight. The family was named by French zoologist Pierre André Latreille in 1802.

Sphingids are some of the faster flying insects; some are capable of flying at over 5.3 m/s (19 km/h).[4] They have wingspans from 4 cm (1+1⁄2 in) to over 10 cm (4 in).

Ambulyx is a genus of moths in the family Sphingidae, described by Westwood in 1847.

Ambulyx liturata is a species of moth of the family Sphingidae first described by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1875.

It is found from Nepal, the north-eastern India states of Sikkim and Assam, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam,

Fujian and Hong Kong in China.

The wingspan is 106–134 mm. It is similar to Ambulyx maculifera, but can be distinguished by the absence of a subbasal costal patch on the forewing upperside.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Family : Sphingidae

Genus : Ambulyx

Species : A. liturata

Binomial name : Ambulyx liturata

Butler, 1875

Synonyms :

Ambulyx rhodoptera Butler, 1875

 Oxydia is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae first described by Achille Guenée in 1857.

The Shaded Hooktip (Oxydia augusta) is a species of geometrid moth in the family Geometridae, native to the Neotropics, characterised by its hooked forewing tip and forest‑associated habits.

Geometrid moths are generally nocturnal and rest with wings held flat or tent‑like. Larvae of many geometrids feed on foliage of trees and shrubs. For O. augusta, this likely means it inhabits shaded, forested habitats where its “hooktip” name reflects its wing shape rather than a specific ecological niche.

This species is a small to medium‑sized geometrid moth. The common name “Shaded Hooktip” refers to its wing shape and pattern, not to any leaf‑mimicry. The “hooktip” likely describes the curved apex of the forewing, and “shaded” refers to the muted coloration that may help it blend into shaded forest habitats.

While specific ecological details are limited in the provided data, geometrids of this genus are typically found in forest habitats, often in shaded areas where their wing patterns may provide camouflage from predators. 

However, O. augusta is not known to mimic leaves, unlike some other moth species that evolve leaf‑like wing patterns.

The Shaded Hooktip is a small, forest‑dwelling geometrid moth from the Neotropics, recognised by its hooked forewing tip and association with shaded habitat.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Family : Geometridae

Genus : Oxydia

Guenée, 1857

​Species : Oxydia augusta

Pulau Ubin : 13-4-24

Lygniodes is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae first described by Achille Guenée in 1852. The genus is restricted to the Asiatic tropics, east to Sulawesi and the Moluccas.

Palpi with second joint reaching vertex of head, and third joint moderate length.

Antennae simple. Thorax and abdomen smoothly scaled. Mid tibia spined and hind tibia slightly hairy. Forewings with arched costa, slightly produced and acute apex. Hindwings with very short cell. Vein 5 arise from near lower angle and vein 6 much curved.

Lygniodes endoleucus is a moth of the family Erebidae. It is found in India, Thailand, Malaysia, Myanmar, Vietnam, India, China, Java, Sumatra and Sulawesi.

All species show sexual dimorphism of the type described for the only Bornean representative, differing in the colour and extent of the paler edging to the male distal margins, the male hindwing is usually more produced at the tornus, less rounded over the distal margin, and has the paler colour more broadly along the dorsum, particularly on the underside.

The black scales of the hindwing upperside are modified to give a velvety appearance, particularly over the distal half.

In the male abdomen, the eighth sternite is bilobed as mentioned in the tribal account, but the tergite is only half as wide, hastate in shape, with a less sclerotised central lacuna, and a pair of splayed apodemes at its anterior margin.

The valves of the genitalia are highly unusual, very broad over the basal half, with a massive hair-pencil at the exterior part of the base of the sacculus. The aedeagus vesica is moderately convolute and scobinate.

The female of the type species has genitalia as described for the tribe. The ductus is broad and sclerotised over the basal third. The base is very finely corrugated and rugose.

The genus is restricted to the Oriental tropics, extending to Sulawesi and the Moluccas (L. ochrifera Felder; Poole, 1989), but no further east.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Superfamily : Noctuoidea

Family : Erebidae

Genus : Lygniodes

Species : L. endoleucus

Binomial name : Lygniodes endoleucus

Guérin-Méneville, 1844

T7 : 12-4-24

Fascellina is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae described by Francis Walker in 1860.

Its eyes are hairy. The palpi are stout and reach the vertex of the head, where the first joint is hairy and the third joint minute.

Antennae with cilia and bristles. Abdomen stout. ​Hind tibia not dilated. Forewings with arched costa towards apex.

Vein 3 from close to angle of cell and vein 5 from above middle of discocellulars. Vein 7 to 9 stalked from before upper angle. Veins 10 and 11 stalked and joined by bars to vein 12 and veins 8, 9. Hindwings with vein 3 from close to angle of cell.

Diagnosis :

The submarginals of both wings are irregular, irrorated pale grey, separating a leaden grey marginal zone from a green-tinged basal two-thirds.

The underside is deep yellow, the forewing with a narrow, pale discal spot edged in dark brown. The forewing tornus is not excavate, the dorsal margin straight; the hindwing margin is evenly curved.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Family : Geometridae

Subfamily : Ennominae

Genus : Fascellina

Walker, 1860

Species : Fascellina meligerys 

Prout, 1925

​

Synonyms :

Nysis Moore, 1867

OUTR : 6-4-24

Parotis is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. Grass moth, Parotis marginata is a species of moth of the family Crambidae.

It is known from south-east Asia, including India, Bangladesh and China, as well as Fiji, Japan and Australia, where it is known from the Northern Territory and Queensland.

The wingspan is about 30 mm. They are a deep green, with a crenulated brown line around the edges of each wing.

The larvae feed on Alstonia scholaris, Gardenia jasminoides and Tabernaemontana.

Young larvae feed on the flesh of the leaves leaving a skeleton of veins. Later instars have been found feeding on the bark. They are pale green with several raised black lumps on each segment, and a pale brown head.

They live in a shelter created from curled or joined leaves held with silk. Pupation takes place in this shelter.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Family : Crambidae

Genus : Parotis

Species : P. marginata

Binomial name : Parotis marginata

Hampson, 1893

T7 : 22-3-24

Anisoneura is a genus of moths of the family Erebidae.

Anisoneura salebrosa is a moth of the family Noctuidae first described by Achille Guenée in 1852.

It is found in Taiwan, Thailand, Singapore, Vietnam, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Sulawesi, the north-eastern part of the Himalayas (Nepal and India), Bangladesh, China, Japan and the Philippines.

This is a large, robust moth with bark‑like wing patterning. The forewings often show a paler brown patch at the centre of the postmedial area. The species is taxonomically close to A. aluco.

The species is frequent in lowland forest, including heath forest, and is generally found below 400 m elevation. Only one record exists above 400 m (1,618 m on Bukit Retak, Brunei)

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Family : Noctuidae

Genus : Anisoneura

Species : A. salebrosa

Binomial name : Anisoneura salebrosa

Guenée, 1852

T7: 22-3-24

Hypopyra is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae.

Hypopyra vespertilio is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1787.

It is found in China, Korea, Honshu in Japan, India (Maharashtra, Jammu and Kashmir, West Bengal),

Sri Lanka, Nepal, Thailand, Myanmar, Cambodia,Vietnam, Taiwan, Malaysia, the Philippines, Java, Sumatra, Singapore and Sulawesi.

The wingspan is 74–90 mm in male and 72–104 mm in female.

Male has minutely fasciculate antennae, an erectile tuft of long hair from femur-tibial joint of forelegs.

Tibia and hind tarsi not fringed with long hair, nor the hindwings clothed with long woolly hair on ventral side.

The wings are grey suffused with slight fuscous brown. The forewings have the stigma usually reduced to spots or to two spots on discocellulars.

The antemedial line is excurved below the costa then oblique to the inner margin. There is a double postmedial line, angled below the costa.

The postmedial line is crenulate. The hindwings are fuscous brown with antemedial oblique lines.

The medial and submarginal lines are crenulate and the inner margin is crimson. The darkest form is vespertilio which has the male dark brown, the costal and outer areas of forewing suffused with grey and olive, the stigma most developed, female much paler and greyer. The adult has been recorded as fruit-piercer.

The larvae feed on Albizia, Acacia, Wisteria and possibly Camellia species. They are pale grey.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Superfamily : Noctuoidea

Family : Erebidae

Genus : Hypopyra

Species : H. vespertilio

Binomial name : Hypopyra vespertilio

Fabricius, 1787

Nyctemera is a genus of tiger moths in the family Erebidae first described by Jacob Hübner in 1820.

The genus includes the species Nyctemera annulata and Nyctemera amica, which are closely related and are able to interbreed.

They are medium-sized moths, the adults having a wingspan of 35–45 millimetres (1.4–1.8 in). The wings are usually dark with lighter patches, while the body is often aposematically coloured to discourage birds and other visual predators from eating them.

Palpi porrectly upturned. Antennae bipectinate in both sexes, where branches short in females.

Forewing with vein 3 from before the angle of cell, vein 5 from above it and vein 6 from upper angle.

Vein 7 and 10 from short areole which is formed by the anastomosis of veins 8 and 9. Hindwings with vein 3 from before end of cell and vein 5 from angle or from above it. Veins 6 and 7 stalked or from upper angle. Vein 8 from before middle of all.

The slow-flying moths can often be seen feeding at flowers; it is common around its preferred food plants of the daisy family, for example groundsel (and other Senecio spp.), ragworts and Cineraria.

Nyctemera lacticinia, the common nyctemera, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1873. It is found in Japan, from the Oriental tropics of India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar to Taiwan, Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo.

The wingspan is about 45 mm. Male absent a tuft of hair on the tibia of foreleg. Head, collar and thorax yellowish white and spotted with black.

Abdomen white where the extremity is yellowish. Three black spots on the first segment and slight black bands on the next sex above can be seen.

Two paired series of lateral black spots. Forewing hair-brownish. A broad white streak found on the base of inner margin. An oblique post-medial band of five white spots present.

Hindwings white with a broad marginal brown band with irregularly curved inner edge.

Larva dull reddish with a dorsal and two lateral series of radiating tufts of fine black hairs arising from black tubercles. Two long forwardly projecting tufts are present on first somite. Pupa reddish brown where rolled-up leaf. The larvae feed on Santalum species.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Superfamily : Noctuoidea

Family : Erebidae

Subfamily : Arctiinae

Genus : Nyctemera

Species : N. lacticinia

Binomial name : Nyctemera lacticinia

Grote, 1873

Acraea is a genus of brush-footed butterflies (family Nymphalidae) of the subfamily Heliconiinae.

It seems to be highly paraphyletic and has long been used as a "wastebin taxon" to unite about 220 species of anatomically conservative Acraeini.

Some phylogenetic studies show that the genus Acraea is monophyletic if Bematistes and Neotropical Actinote are included (see Pierre & Bernaud, 2009).

Most species assembled here are restricted to the Afrotropical realm, but some are found in India, Southeast Asia, and Australia.

The eggs are laid in masses, the larvae are rather short, of almost equal thickness throughout, and possessing branched spines on each segment, young larvae group together on a protecting mass of silk; the pupa is slender, with a long abdomen, rather wide and angulated about the insertion of the wings, and suspended by the tail only.

A. horta, A. cabira, and A. terpsicore illustrate typical life histories. The food plants of Acraea caterpillars are usually Urticaceae or, like in most Heliconiinae, Passifloraceae.

Some feed on other plants, such as Fabaceae, "Flacourtiaceae", or Violaceae. Their preferred species contain cyanogenic glycosides, which make the larvae and adults poisonous to predators.

The aposematic coloration of the adults announces this, and some species are mimicked by less noxious butterflies. At least some "Acraea" are able to produce the toxins themselves. Their flight is slow and flapping.

Acraea terpsicore, the tawny coster, is a small, 53–64 millimetres (2.1–2.5 in), leathery-winged butterfly common in grassland and scrub habitats. It belongs to the Nymphalidae or brush-footed butterfly family. It has a weak fluttery flight. It is avoided by most insect predators.

This species and the yellow coster (Acraea issoria) are the only two Indian representatives of the

predominantly African tribe Acraeini.

It is found in India, Sri Lanka, Maldives to Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Bangladesh, Singapore and recently Australia.

Male upperside tawny : Forewing a transverse black spot in cell, and another irregular, oblique and broader at the discocellulars; a discal series of spots in interspaces 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 10, and the apex and termen black. 

The upper four spots of the discal series inclined obliquely outwards, the lower two obliquely inwards; the black edging to apex and termen narrowing posteriorly, but with slender linear projections inwards in the interspaces.

Hindwing: a basal series of four or five black spots with a similar spot beyond in middle of cell and a subcostal black spot above it, followed by a discal series of obscure blackish spots and a minute postdiscal black dot in interspaces 4 and 6 respectively; finally, a broad black terminal band medially traversed by a series of small spots of the ground colour. 

Most of the macular black markings are obscure, being only the spots on the underside seen by the transparency of the wing membrane, the inner edge of the black terminal band crenulate.

Underside ground colour ochraceous yellow or a paler tawny yellow. Forewing: paling to whitish on the apex, with the black markings as on the upperside but somewhat blurred and diffuse.

Hindwing: the black spots and black terminal band as on the upperside, but the spots more clearly defined, none obscure; the series of spots traversing the black terminal margin very much larger and white - not tawny; the base of the wing black, separated from the basal transverse series of black spots by two or three large whitish spots.

Antennae black, head and thorax black spotted with ochraceous and white; abdomen anteriorly black, posteriorly ochraceous yellow with narrow transverse black lines; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen ochraceous, the thorax spotted with ochraceous, the abdomen with a longitudinal line of black at base.

Female similar to that of the male. Upperside ground colour duller; the black spots on forewings and hindwings larger, the upper discal spots often coalescing and forming an irregular oblique short band; the black edging to apex and termen on the forewing and the black terminal band on the hindwing proportionately broader, the spots traversing the latter larger and whitish.

Underside ground colour much paler and duller markings as on the upperside and, as in the male, the spots on the hindwing better defined than on the upperside. Antennae, bead, thorax and abdomen as in the male. Wingspan of 53–64 mm.

This species does not fly high, but seems to keep within 3 m of the ground and tends to rest on vegetation in the regions of a meter off the ground.

Acraea terpsicore can be seen in abundance wherever its larval food plant (Passiflora species) is found. The adult tends to avoid dense undergrowth and shady areas, instead keeping to open spaces in all types of vegetation.

A.terpsicore the tawny coster is one of a group of butterflies where females feature a sphragis (copulatory plug) which is formed after a mating session. After males produce the spermatophore, they pass an additional gland secretion (a waxy substance) that spills out of the female's copulatory opening, forming a mating plug that hardens within a few hours for the purpose of preventing further matings.

Eggs are laid in batches of anywhere between 20 and 100. Eggs are yellow and slightly elongated and tall and display shallow transverse ribbing.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Family : Nymphalidae

Genus : Acraea

Species : A. terpsicore

Binomial name : Acraea terpsicore

Linnaeus, 1758

Synonyms : 

Acraea violae (Fabricius, 1775)

Ulu Sebawang : 19-11-23

The Erebidae are a family of moths in the superfamily Noctuoidea. The family is among the largest families of moths by species count and contains a wide variety of well-known macromoth groups.

The family includes the underwings (Catocala); litter moths (Herminiinae); tiger, lichen, and wasp moths (Arctiinae); tussock moths (Lymantriinae), including the arctic woolly bear moth (Gynaephora groenlandica); piercing moths (Calpinae and others); micronoctuoid moths (Micronoctuini); snout moths (Hypeninae); and zales, though many of these common names can also refer to moths outside the Erebidae (for example, crambid snout moths). Some of the erebid moths are called owlets.

The Lymantriinae (formerly called the Lymantriidae) are a subfamily of moths of the family Erebidae. The taxon was erected by George Hampson in 1893.

Many of its component species are referred to as "tussock moths" of one sort or another.

The caterpillar, or larval, stage of these species often has a distinctive appearance of alternating bristles and haired projections.

Many tussock moth caterpillars have urticating hairs (often hidden among longer, softer hairs), which can cause painful reactions if they come into contact with skin.

The subfamily Lymantriinae includes about 350 known genera and over 2,500 known species found

in every continent except Antarctica.

They are particularly concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa, India, Southeast Asia, and South America.

One estimate lists 258 species in Madagascar alone.

Apart from oceanic islands, notable places that do not host lymantriines include the Antilles and New Caledonia.

Adult moths of this subfamily do not feed. They usually have muted colours (browns and greys), although some are white, and tend to be very hairy.

Some females are flightless, and some have reduced wings. Usually, the females have a large tuft at the end of the abdomen. The males, at least, have tympanal organs.

They are mostly nocturnal, but Schaefer lists 20 confirmed diurnal species and 20 more likely diurnal species (based on reduced eye size).

The larvae are also hairy, often with hairs packed in tufts, and in many species the hairs break off very easily and are extremely irritating to the skin (especially members of the genus Euproctis). This highly effective defence serves the moth throughout its life cycle.

The hairs are incorporated into the cocoon. An emerging adult female of some species collects and stores the hairs at the tip of the abdomen and uses them to camouflage and protect the eggs as they are laid.

In other species, the eggs are covered by a froth that soon hardens or are camouflaged by material the female collects and sticks to them. In the larvae of some species, hairs are gathered in dense tufts along the back and this gives them the common name of tussocks or tussock moths.

Lymantria means "destroyer", and several species are important defoliators of forest trees, including the spongy moth Lymantria dispar, the Douglas-fir tussock moth Orgyia pseudotsugata, and the nun moth Lymantria monacha. They tend to have broader host plant ranges than most Lepidoptera. Most feed on trees and shrubs, but some are known from vines, herbs, grasses, and lichens.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Superfamily : Noctuoidea

Family : Erebidae

Subfamily : Lymantriinae

Hampson, 1893

Diversity About 350 genera,

2,500–2,700+ species

Synonyms :

Lymantriidae Hampson, 1893

Hexamitoptera is a monotypic moth genus in the family Erebidae. Its only species, Hexamitoptera lawinda, is found in Indonesia (Nias, Sumatra), Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo.

​The habitat consists of lowland dipterocarp forests. Both the genus and the species were first described by Pagenstecher in 1885.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Superfamily : Noctuoidea

Family : Erebidae

Genus : Hexamitoptera

(Pagenstecher, 1885)

Species : H. lawinda

Binomial name : Hexamitoptera lawinda

Pagenstecker, 1885

T7 : 25-9-23

The Sphingidae are a family of moths commonlycalled sphinx moths, also colloquially known as hawk moths, with many of their caterpillars known as "hornworms"; it includes about 1,450 species.

It is best represented in the tropics, but species are found in every region. They are moderate to large in size and are distinguished among moths for their agile and sustained flying ability, similar enough to that of hummingbirds as to be reliably mistaken for them.

Their narrow wings and streamlined abdomens are adaptations for rapid flight. The family was named by French zoologist Pierre André Latreille in 1802.

Sphingid's antennae are generally not very feathery, even in males. They lack tympanal organs, but members of the group Choerocampini have hearing organs on their heads.

They have a frenulum and retinaculum to join hindwings and forewings. The thorax, abdomen, and wings are densely covered in scales. Some sphingids have a rudimentary proboscis, but most have a very long one which is used to feed on nectar from flowers. Most are crepuscular or nocturnal, but some species fly during the day.

Both males and females are relatively long-lived (10 to 30 days). Prior to flight, most species shiver their flight muscles to warm them up, and, during flight, body temperatures may surpass 40 °C (104 °F).

Meganoton nyctiphanes, the dull double-bristled hawkmoth, is a moth of the family Sphingidae.

It is known from Sri Lanka, India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, the Nicobar Islands, the Andaman Islands, south eastern China, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Sumatra, Indonesia and the Philippines (Palawan).

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Family : Sphingidae

Genus : Meganoton

Species : M. nyctiphanes

Binomial name : Meganoton nyctiphanes

Walker, 1856

T15 : 18-8-23

The geometer moths are moths belonging to the family Geometridae.

​Chorodna is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae. One of its synonyms is Medasina.

Chorodna complicataria is a moth of the family Geometridae. A darker, less ochreous species than pallidularia, complicataria is readily distinguished by the prominent discal markings, that on the forewing being abnormally large.

It is found in Sundaland. This species is frequent in lowland dipterocarp forest.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Family : Geometridae

Subfamily : Ennominae

Tribe : Boarmiini

Genus : Chorodna

Walker, 1860

Species : C. complicataria

Binomial name Chorodna complicataria

Walker, 1860

T15 : 4-8-23

Eudocima is a genus of moths of the family Erebidae with numerous tropical species. The genus was first categorised by Gustaf Johan Billberg in 1820 and species currently in the genus have been placed under a range of other genera in the past.

Adult moths in the genus are known for puncturing and feeding on the juices of fruits of which they are considered as pests by horticulturists.

Palpi with second joint thickened and reaching vertex of head, and blunt naked third joint.

Antennae minutely ciliated in male. Metathorax have slight tufts. Abdomen clothed with coarse hair on dorsum. Tibia spineless and clothed with long hair. 

Forewings with arched costa and acute apex. Inner margin lobed and with tufts of hair near base and at outer angle. Larva with four pairs of abdominal prolegs, where first pair rudimentary.

Eudocima cocalus, the cocalus fruit piercing moth, is a moth of the family Erebidae. It is found in the north-eastern part of the Himalaya, to Sundaland and east to Queensland, Australia and the Solomons.

The wingspan is about 100 mm and the larvae feed on Cocculus species. The adults are a pest in lychee and carambola orchards. They pierce the fruit in order to suck the juice.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Superfamily : Noctuoidea

Family : Erebidae

Genus : Eudocima

Species : E. cocalus

Binomial name : Eudocima cocalus

Cramer, 1777

T7 : 1-8-23

The Noctuidae, commonly known as owlet moths, cutworms or armyworms, are a family of moths. They are considered the most controversial family in the superfamily Noctuoidea because many of the clades are constantly changing, along with the other families of the Noctuoidea.

It was considered the largest family in Lepidoptera for a long time, but after regrouping Lymantriinae, Catocalinae and Calpinae within the family Erebidae, the latter holds this title now. Currently, Noctuidae is the second largest family in Noctuoidea, with about 1,089 genera and 11,772 species.

This classification is still contingent, as more changes continue to appear between Noctuidae and Erebidae.

Ischyja is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae erected by Jacob Hübner in 1823.

Palpi with second joint broad and rectangularly scaled, reaching vertex of head. Third joint long, naked and oblique.

Antennae thickened and fasciculate in male. Thorax and abdomen smoothly scaled. Tibia spineless. Fore tibia with a triangular tuft of hair. Mid-tibia slightly fringed. Hind tibia clothed with long hair. 

Forewings with highly arched costa towards the apex, which is produced and acute. Outer margin obliquely curved. Hindwings with very short cell. Male with veins 2 to 4 running close together to near outer margin. Larva with four pairs of abdominal prolegs.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Superfamily : Noctuoidea

Family : Noctuidae

Subfamily : Catocalinae

Genus : Ischyja

​Species : Ischyja marapok

Hübner 1823

T7 : 1-8-23

Dysphania is a genus of colourful moths in the family Geometridae and typical of the tribe Dysphaniini, they are sometimes called 'false tiger moths' and are found in northeast Australia, Melanesia, and south, east and southeast Asia.

Many Geometrids have slender abdomens and broad wings which are usually held flat with the hindwings visible, they tend to blend in to the background, often with intricate, wavy patterns on their wings. In some species, females have reduced wings and are flightless.

As such they appear rather butterfly-like but in most respects they are typical moths: the majority fly at night, they possess a frenulum to link the wings and the antennae of the males are often feathered.

Most Dysphania are day flying, but there are also nocturnal species. With a typical wingspan of 50–85 millimetres (2.0–3.3 in), they are relatively large compared to many other members of this family.

Dysphania transducta the blue tiger moth is a species of insects with 25 observations. They are similar in appearance to the long blue tiger moth.

Geographical range : Burma, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Family : Geometridae

Subfamily : Geometrinae

Genus : Dysphania

Hübner 1819

Species : Dysphania Transducta 

Walker, 1861

T15 : 29-7-23

Daphnis is a genus of moths in the family Sphingidae first described by Jacob Hübner in 1819.

Daphnis hypothous, the jade hawkmoth, is a moth of the family Sphingidae described by Pieter Cramer in 1780.

Chinese name :（臺灣）: 白腰天蛾, 茜草白腰天蛾, 暗綠白腰天蛾

D. hypothous is known from Sri Lanka, southern and northern India, Nepal, Myanmar, southern China, Taiwan, Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia and probably an introduce species to Singapore

It is a rare vagrant to the Western Palaearctic realm. During the last hundred years a number have been discovered within the Middle East and one was even found in Scotland late in the 20th century but this was probably imported as a pupa with cargo.

The wingspan of Daphnis hypothous is 86–120 mm. It is a very fast flyer and is attracted to both sweet-smelling flowers and light. It differs from (Daphnis nerii the oleander hawk-moth or army green moth) in having the head and collar uniformly dark purplish brown. Thorax and first two abdominal segments are dark green with a white fringe to the first segment. Other abdominal segments are dark olive green with the streaks and spots as in D. nerii.

D. hypothous wings are similar to D. nerii but very much darker on both dorsal and ventral side. A white spot is present at the apex of forewing and at the end of cell of forewing ventral side.

Larva is green with yellow dots at its sides. There is a dark dorsal line, a subdorsal purple-red band, edged with yellow on thoracic somites and a blue ocellus on the third somite. Horn is purplish brown with white tubercles. Before changing to pupa, the larva becomes blotched with dark red.

Larvae have been recorded feeding on Rubiaceae species, including Cinchona, Wendlandia and Uncaria species in India. Most instars are green with a brown backward-curving tailhorn and a pair of white or red and yellow dorso-lateral stripes. Some instars have various coloured markings along the sides, including a blue eyespot on each side of the metathorax. The final instar is reddish brown.

Caterpillars can be found on Breonia, Cinchona, Ixora, Pavetta, Uncaria, Wendlandia and Alstonia plants.

Subspecies :

Daphnis hypothous hypothous (Indonesia including the Andaman Islands and Seram)

Daphnis hypothous crameri Eitschberger & Melichar, 2010 (South and South-East Asia)

Related species :

Daphnis nerii, white spot is absent at the apex of forewing.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Family : Sphingidae

Genusb: Daphnis

Species : D. hypothous

Binomial nam : Daphnis hypothous

Cramer, 1780

Synonyms : 

Sphinx hypothous Cramer, 1780

Ischyja manlia is a species of moth of the family Noctuidae first described by Pieter Cramer in 1776.

It is found in the Indian subregion, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Singapore, China, Okinawa, Sundaland, Sulawesi, Korea, the southern Moluccas, Australia (Queensland) and Palau. Adults pierce the skin of fruit to suck the juice.

The wingspan of the male ranges from 80 to 100 mm and female with 96–112 mm.

In the male, the head and thorax are red brown. Abdomen fuscous or red brown. A white spot is found at the base of the hind tibia and others on the outer spur of midlegs and outer medial spur of hindlegs.

Forewings pale or dark red brown or olive brown, irrorated (sprinkled) with dark specks. There are traces of antemedial and medial waved lines. A straight oblique postmedial line found. Orbicular and reniform greyish or ochreous, or in the form of deep black quadrate spots with white edges. 

Black spots can be seen below center and end of cell generally present, with a white lunule on it and conjoined by a streak. There is a large ochreous patch found sometimes present from lower end of cell to inner margin. An obscure waved sub-marginal line commencing as an oblique streak from the apex.

Hindwings very dark red brown. The area near anal angle greyish with dark strigae. A broad, irregularly angled, purplish-blue medial band runs from costa to vein 2. A black spot with pale streak can be seen on it above anal angle. Ventral side of forewing with white irregular postmedial band from the costa to vein 2. Hindwings with dentate postmedial line present.

In the female, the forewings are much uniform in colour and without the black patches. The oblique line is prominent. Hindwings with broad and more regular band. No mark can be seen above the anal angle. The colour often very dark.

Larvae are purplish brown and ochreous, irregularly marked with short black streaks. Their head is ochreous with brown speckles. The 4th to 6th and then 10th and 11th somites with short dorsal conical prominences. Pupa efflorescent.

The larvae feed on Schima species, Ligustrum sinense, Cinnamomum camphora, Mangifera indica, Schima wallichi, Dimocarpus longan and Litchi chinensis. They are dark rich brown. The final instar has a band of paler rufous brown.

Subspecies :

Ischyja manlia manlia

Ischyja manlia amboinensis Felder, 1861  (Southern Moluccas)

Phylum: Arthropoda

Class: Insecta

Order: Lepidoptera

Superfamily: Noctuoidea

Family: Noctuidae

Genus: Ischyja

Species: I. manlia

Binomial name : Ischyja manlia

Cramer, 1776

Amathusiini is a tribe of the nymphalid butterfly subfamily Morphinae. They are large butterflies.

They are sometimes treated as a distinct subfamily Amathusiinae or family Amathusiidae.

Zeuxidia is a genus of very large butterflies in the family Nymphalidae. They are "leaf" butterflies with a cryptic ventral pattern. The genus is Indomalayan (Burma through Indochina and the Philippines to Sumatra, Java and Borneo.

Zeuxidia amethystus, the common Saturn, is a species of butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It was described by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1865.

This butterfly is relatively large and striking. Its forewings have a broad iridescent-blue band with a similar blue patch on the hindwing. It is not abundant in Thailand, Malaysia, Sumatra and Borneo.

It has only be observed in dense forests often encountered along forest paths and generally fly no more than a few feet above the ground.

It can be approached while feeding on fermenting fallen fruits. Its flight period extends from May to September. It obtains minerals using mud-puddling behavior and seem to be prefer ammonium ions rather than sodium.

The majority of the species have drab and cryptic undersides that help the butterflies camouflage themselves amongst the forest leaf litter as they forage for food.

The species is partial to rotting fruit like papaya, guava or pineapple. In Singapore, the Saturn is often observed feeding on rotting figs.

The Saturn is a medium sized butterfly, usually attaining a wingspan of 100 mm or more.

The males are black above, with a broad iridescent blue discal band on the forewing with a large tornal patch of the same colour on the hindwing.

The female, blue is replaced with a pale yellow fascia and dull orange on the apical area of the hindwings. The undersides presents a leaf-like appearance with cryptic markings on a brown background and there are large ocelli on the hindwings.

The Saturn is a common butterfly along jungle paths, usually feeding on fallen fruits on the forest floor. The cryptic undersides camouflages it very well, amongst the dead leaves and twigs. It is sometimes collected and displayed as fine wall art.

Phylum: Arthropoda

Class: Insecta

Order: Lepidoptera

Family: Nymphalidae

Subfamily: Morphinae

Tribe: Amathusiini

Genus: Zeuxidia

Hübner, 1826

Species: Z. amethystus

Binomial name : Zeuxidia amethystus

Butler, 1865

Cyclosia is a genus of zygaenid moth that has a mimicry complex with the milkweed butterfly.

Cyclosia sordidus is a species of Lepidoptera in the family Zygaenidae. The habitat consists of rainforests and humid deciduous forests.

The majority of zygaenids are tropical, but they are nevertheless quite well represented in temperate regions. Some of the 1000 or so species are commonly known as burnet or forester moths, often qualified by the number of spots, although other families also have 'foresters'. They are also sometimes called smoky moths.

Zygaenid moths are typically day flying with a slow, fluttering flight, and with rather clubbed antennae. They generally have a metallic sheen and often prominent spots of red or yellow.

The bright colours are a warning to predators that the moths are distasteful, they contain hydrogen cyanide (HCN) throughout all stages of their life cycle. Unlike most insects with such toxins, they obtain glucosides from the plants they utilize so that HCN can be used as a defence.

However, they are capable of making HCN themselves ​and when in an environment poor in cyanide

producing plants, synthesize it themselves. They form mimicry complexes based on these toxins.

However, while the overall picture is of genuine aposematism the insects are both conspicuously coloured and toxic, containing cyanogenic glucosides, a study by Emmanuelle Briolat and colleagues including Martin Stevens found no evidence of a quantitative relationship between the visual signals of different species of Zygaenidae and their toxicity.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Family : Zygaenidae

Subfamily : Chalcosiinae

Genus : Cyclosia

Hübner, 1820

Species : Cyclosia sordidus 

Walker, 1862

Synonyms :

Klaboana Moore, 1879

Theretra is a genus of moths in the family Sphingidae. The genus was established by Jacob Hübner in 1819.

Theretra latreillii (土色斜纹天蛾) the pale brown hawk moth, is a moth of the family Sphingidae described

by William Sharp Macleay in 1826.

It is found in most of Asia, including Borneo, China, Hong Kong, the Philippines, Taiwan and also throughout the tropical and temperate regions of Australia.

The adult grows to a length of about 70 millimetres (2.8 in). The body is ochreous brown. Antennae, head front and sides of thorax are paler. Forewing with a black speck at end of cell.

There are two oblique indistinct lines from near the apex to near base of inner margin. Three similar lines running from the apex nearly parallel to outer margin.

Hindwing is smoky black with paler towards anal angle. Ventral side is with a slight rosy tinge.

The subspecies T. l. tenebrosa is darker on both upper and undersides than T. l. lucasii, which again is darker than T. l. rhesus. Larva is brown with darker specks. A pale lateral line runs on thoracic somites. Ocellus on 4th somite is whitish, centered with a black ring on an ochreous ground.

Larvae have been recorded on Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Cayratia clematidea, Cayratia corniculata,

Impatiens walleriana, Leea indica, Lagerstroemia indica and Fuchsia species.

Theretra latreillii latreillii - nominate from Australia.

Theretra latreillii lucasii (Walker, 1856) (Sri Lanka, southern and north-eastern India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar, the Andaman Islands, Thailand, southern and eastern China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Indonesia and the Philippines)

Theretra latreillii prattorum Clark, 1924 (Indonesia)

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Family : Sphingidae

Genus : Theretra

Species : T. latreillii

Binomial name : Theretra latreillii

Macleay, 1826

Eumelea is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae. It was described by James Duncan and John O. Westwood in 1841. Species are confined to Austro-Malayan subregions and throughout China, India, Sri Lanka and Myanmar.

Eumelea ludovicata (黃粉尺蛾) is a moth of the family Geometridae first described by Achille Guenée in 1858. It is found in Indo-Australian tropics of India, Sri Lanka, east to Singapore, Taiwan, the Solomon Islands and Guam.

The adult has a fluttering, erratic flight. The male is more reddish, whereas female is yellowish. The caterpillar has a cylindrical yellowish-white body with many longitudinal lines.

Setae minute and spiracles greenish. Its round shaped head is yellowish white with rusty markings. Hairs are present, which are short, erect and thick. Host plant is always Macaranga species.

Pupa elongate with semi-elliptical, flattened cremaster. Pupal case for the proboscis and antennae extends free. Caterpillar resting straight at 60 degrees to the leaf surface, which is often confused as a twig. Pupation occurs between two leaves fastened together coated inside with silk.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Clade : Pancrustacea

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Family : Geometridae

Genus : Eumelea

Species : E. ludovicata

Binomial name : Eumelea ludovicata

Guenée, 1858

Synonyms :

Eumelea aureliata Guenée, 1857

Eumelea ludovicata Guenée; Prout, 1921

Lyssa is a genus of moths in the family Uraniidae. The genus was erected by Jacob Hübner in 1823. The genus includes relatively large moths that are found in southern Asia and the Pacific region.

Lyssa zampa, the tropical swallowtail moth or Laos brown butterfly, is a moth of the family Uraniidae.

The Uraniidae are a family of moths containing four subfamilies, 90 genera, and roughly 700 species. The family is distributed throughout the tropics of the Americas, Africa and Indo-Australia.

Some of the tropical species are known for their bright, butterfly-like colors and are called sunset moths (for example Chrysiridia rhipheus). Such moths are apparently toxic and the bright colors are a warning to predators.

The family Uraniidae contains both diurnal and nocturnal species. The day-flying species are usually more strikingly colored and vibrant than the nocturnal ones. Many diurnal species also have iridescent scales and multiple tails, which often led them to be mistaken for butterflies.

In sharp contrast, the nocturnal species are generally small, pale-colored insects. The Uraniidae are similar to the geometer moths, to which they are related, but a different wing veining pattern distinguishes them.

Lyssa zampa, the tropical swallowtail moth or Laos brown butterfly was first described by British entomologist Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1869.

It is native to a wide range of tropical South-East Asia country : Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand,

and the Philippines and it is also recorded from Andaman Islands, southern China, the Himalayas, and sporadically in East Asia, Taiwan, Japan and South Korea.

The forewing length is about 70 mm (2.8 in) and the wingspan reaches a maximum of 160 mm (6.3 in). It is most abundant from May to November depending on the location. 

The genus Lyssa is generally categorized as a nocturnal or crepuscular group, but this species has been found to be active both during the day and at night. This species is also known for its mass emergence and migration because of that ecology and the habit that they are often attracted by urban bright lights.

The larvae feed on Endospermum and other members of the rubber tree family

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Family : Uraniidae

Genus : Lyssa

Species : L. zampa

Binomial name : Lyssa zampa

Delias is a genus of butterflies. There are about 250 species of the genus Delias, found in South Asia and Australia. The genus is considered to have its evolutionary origins in the Australian region. 

They are remarkable for the gay-coloured under surfaces of very many species which often show an altogether ideally beautiful arrangement of intensively coloured bands and spots.

Delias hyparete, the painted Jezebel, is a medium-sized butterfly of the family Pieridae, found in South Asia and Southeast Asia. Delias hyparete, the Painted Jezebel, is a common pierid butterfly widely distributed throughout most parts of Asia spanning across areas such as East India, South China, the Malay Peninsula, Java, Indonesia, Vietnam, Brunei and the Phillippine in the  genus Delias, which is the largest in the family Pieridae.

The Pieridae are a large family of butterflies with about 76 genera containing about 1,100 species, mostly from tropical Africa and tropical Asia with some varieties in the more northern regions of North America and Eurasia. Most pierid butterflies are white, yellow, or orange in coloration, often with black spots. The pigments that give the distinct coloring to these butterflies are derived from waste products in the body and are a characteristic of this family.

This species closely resembles Delias eucharis but can be distinguished as follows : Male upper forewing has the black margins to the veins more diffuse; the transverse postdiscal band diffuse, ill-defined, oblique, not parallel to termen in its lower portion but terminated at apex of vein 2; the apical portion of the wing beyond the fascia more or less so thickly shaded with black scales as to leave the white lanceolate (lance-shaped) spaces between the veins (so prominent in D. eucharis) ill-defined and obscure.

Hindwing white, the black venation and terminal narrow black border as well as the sub-terminal vermilion-red spots between the veins on the underside show through by transparency. Underside : forewing as in D. eucharis, but the black margins to the veins much broader and the postdiscal transverse fascia as on the upperside oblique but broader. Hindwing differs from that of D. eucharis in the much deeper chrome-yellow tint of the ground colour, the postdiscal black curved band that in D. eucharis separates the yellow from the subterminal vermilion-red spots entirely wanting, the red spots themselves pointed inwardly, not subcordate, they conspicuously increase in size posteriorly.

Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen similar to those of D. eucharis. Female differs from the female of D. eucharis on the upperside by the very much darker shading, especially on the forewing, and by the postdiscal transverse band which is as in the D. eucharis oblique but broader. Hindwing also more darkly shaded, the postdiscal transverse curved black baud entirely absent. Underside as in the female but darker, the forewing especially more thickly shaded with black scaling, the preapical interspaces tinged with yellow. Antennae, thorax and abdomen similar to those in D. eucharis.

The primary host plant of Delias hyparete (Painted Jezebel) is the Malayan Mistletoe, Dendrophthoe pentandra. Delias hyparete lays its pale-yellow, spindle-shaped eggs in loose clusters on the undersides of Malayan Mistletoe leaves. The eggs attach at one end to the leaf, with the crown pointing outward. 

Once hatched, the caterpillars feed gregariously on the mistletoe leaves, completing their larval stage before pupating. The larvae’s dependence on parasitic mistletoes is a general trait of the genus Delias, making Dendrophthoe pentandra a critical plant for their survival.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Family : Pieridae

Genus : Delias

Species : D. hyparete

Binomial name : Delias hyparete

Linnaeus, 1758

Dysphania is a genus of colourful moths in the family Geometridae and typical of the tribe Dysphaniini, they are sometimes called 'false tiger moths' and are found in northeast Australia, Melanesia, and south, east

and southeast Asia.

Most Dysphania are day flying, but there are also nocturnal species. With a typical wingspan of 50–85 millimetres (2.0–3.3 in), they are relatively large compared to many other members of this family.

Dysphania militaris is a species of moth of the family Geometridae that is found from in the tropical regions of South and Southeast Asian countries such as China, India, Myanmar, Andaman Islands, Sumatra and Java. It was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae.

Its wingspan is about 80–96 mm. Forewings of male produced, long and narrow. The fovea strongly developed. Head, thorax and abdomen golden yellowish with purplish bands.

Forewings with golden-yellow basal half, the outer half deep purplish with its inner edge irregularly sinuous. Two oblique basal purple fascia, where the lower fascia sometimes having a spot detached from it. Two spots found on costa near base. 

There is an oblique antemedial series of three spots often conjoined, the outer area with two pale blue maculate bands, where the outer ending found at vein 3.

Hindwings golden yellow, with a large purple discocellular spot and a spot below the cell. A postmedial lunulate band excurved between veins 3 and 5. A submarginal spot series becoming large conjoined lunulate patches at apex. The spots on the yellow area are very variable.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Family : Geometridae

Subfamily : Geometrinae

Genus : Dysphania

Species : D. militaris

Binomial name : Dysphania militaris

Linnaeus, 1758

Castalius is a butterfly genus in the family Lycaenidae. They are commonly known as Pierrots. This name is also often used for the very closely related genus Tarucus.

The Common Pierrot (Castalius rosimon) is a small butterfly found in India that belongs to the Lycaenids or Blues family.

The male underside of the wings is white with black spots and streaks. The base of the upper side of both wings is a beautiful shiny pale blue, and more extensive. Upper side is also mainly white. The hind wing has three basal black somewhat coalescent spots overlaid with metallic blue scaling.

Fore wing has a long oblique black band from base outwards to the costa and below it, obliquely placed an irregular black somewhat conical. Following these are two outwardly oblique, medially interrupted, black macular bands. 

There is a seasonal variation in the size and intensity of these black markings; the wet season forms have larger and darker markings than those from the dry season.

The female similar to the male but with the black markings on the upper and under sides broader. The base of the upper side of both wings is a beautiful shiny pale blue, and less extensive. The sub marginal bands above are much wider.

Castalius rosimon can be found in cultivated areas along hedges and fences, and home gardens with overgrown scrub with interspersed trees. It basks in the sun and prefers open spaces and scrub jungle.

The larvae of Castalius rosimon feed on Zizyphus jujube, Zizyphus mauritiana, Zizyphus rugosa of family Rhamnaceae.

Distribution : Sri Lanka, S.India to Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, S.China, Hainan, Hong Kong, Langkawi, W.Malaysia, Tioman, Singapore, Andamans, Nicobars, Sumatra, Bangka, Borneo, Java, Bali, Lesser Sunda, Timor, Sulawesi.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Family : Lycaenidae

Subfamily : Polyommatinae

Tribe : Polyommatini

Genus : Castalius

Hübner, 1819

Species : C. rosimo

Binomial name : Castalius rosimon

Fabricius, 1775

Elymnias is a genus of brush-footed butterflies within the subtribe Elymniina. The palmflies are a common Asian butterfly genus found from India to the Solomon Islands. The caterpillars mimic leaves which they feed on. 

Elymnias hypermnestra, the common palmfly, is a species of satyrine butterfly found in South and Southeast Asia. 

The larvae of Elymnias hypermnestra are cylindrical in shape during early stages. The head capsule is black, contrasting with the pale yellow body in early instars. The body is densely covered with thick setae, each tipped with transparent droplets, giving the caterpillar a distinctive textured appearance. 

By the 5th instar, the body color changes to green, which helps in camouflage among the leaves of their host plants. Some larvae also display yellow dorsal stripes, a bifid caudal process, and a pair of black horns on the head in later stages.

Elymnias hypermnestra larvae are herbivorous, feeding primarily on palms (Arecaceae). Common host plants include Dypsis lutescens, Areca spp., Cocos nucifera, Phoenix spp., and Calamus spp. They feed on the leaf margins, often leaving irregularly clipped blades as a sign of their presence. 

Newly hatched larvae consume their egg shells before feeding on the leaves, which provides initial nutrients and helps them emerge from the egg. This specialization ties the butterfly closely to palm-rich habitats.

The larvae of Elymnias hypermnestra are typically found on primary and secondary forests, oil palm plantations, and parks. They are minor pests, as their feeding causes only limited damage to palm leaves. 

While Elymnias hypermnestra is not currently listed as threatened, its dependence on palm-rich habitats makes it sensitive to deforestation and habitat degradation.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Clade : Pancrustacea

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Family : Nymphalidae

Genus : Elymnias

Species : E. hypermnestra

Binomial name : Elymnias hypermnestra

Linnaeus, 1763

The Arctiinae (formerly called the family Arctiidae) are a large and diverse subfamily of moths with around 11,000 species found all over the world, including 6,000 neotropical species.

This subfamily includes the groups commonly known as tiger moths (or tigers), which usually have bright colours, footmen, which are usually much drabber, lichen moths, and wasp moths.

Many species have "hairy" caterpillars that are popularly known as woolly bears or woolly worms. The scientific name Arctiinae refers to this hairiness (Gk. αρκτος = a bear).

Some species within the Arctiinae have the word "tussock"' in their common names because they have been misidentified as members of the Lymantriinae subfamily based on the characteristics of the larvae.

Barsine roseororatus is a species of moth of the family Erebidae, subfamily Arctiinae. It is found in Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo. It has also been recorded as a millet pest in India. 

Barsine roseororatus larvae are known to feed on millet in India, suggesting grasses as potential host plants, though detailed host plant records are limited.

The species is frequent in both natural and disturbed habitats in the lowlands and more rarely up to about 2000 meters, which implies that it may utilize a variety of plants for larval development, potentially including wild grasses and cultivated cereals. Its presence in agricultural areas as a millet pest highlights its adaptability to human-modified environments.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Superfamily : Noctuoidea

Family : Erebidae

Subfamily : Arctiinae

Genus : Barsine

Species : B. roseororatus

Binomial name : Barsine roseororatus

Butler, 1877

Pterophoridae is the scientific name for the family of moths known as plume moths, derived from Greek roots meaning "wing bearer."

Plume moths are a family of Lepidoptera with uniquely modified wings that are deeply divided into plumes or lobes. Typically, the forewings are split into two plumes and the hindwings into three, giving them a feathery appearance.

This unusual wing morphology allows them to fly despite their delicate structure. When at rest, they often hold their wings at right angles to the body, rolled into a narrow rod-like shape, which helps them camouflage as dried grass or twigs

The Pterophoridae or plume moths are a family of Lepidoptera with unusually modified wings. Though they belong to the Apoditrysia like the larger moths and the butterflies, unlike these they are tiny and were formerly included among the assemblage called "microlepidoptera".

In some respects, the pterophorid plume moth is fit to a "T."

At rest, the plume moth holds its slender wings at right angles to body, giving it a T-shaped profile.

They're called plume moths..."because the forewings are deeply notched and the hindwings are divided into 

three linear parts, each with long scale fringes. When perched, the insects roll the forewings around the folded hindwing plumes, resulting in peculiar sticklike or craneflylike appearance, unlike any other moth.

"Most are nocturnal and are attracted to lights.

The forewings of plume moths usually consist of two curved spars with more or less bedraggled bristles trailing behind. This resembles the closely related Alucitidae (many-plumed moths) at first glance, but the latter have a greater number of symmetrical plumes. The hindwings are similarly constructed, but have three spars. A few genera have normal lepidopteran wings.

The usual resting posture is with the wings extended laterally and narrowly rolled up. Often they resemble a piece of dried grass, and may pass unnoticed by potential predators even when resting in exposed situations in daylight. Some species have larvae which are stem- or root-borers while others are leaf-browsers.

The larvae of Pterophoridae are usually leaf rollers, stem borers, or leaf miners, feeding on a variety of plants. Some species are considered pests, such as the artichoke plume moth (Platyptilia carduidactyla), while others are used in biological control against invasive plants. Plume moths are generally small, with wingspans ranging from 6 to 50 mm, and are mostly nocturnal

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Superfamily : Pterophoroidea

Family : Pterophoridae

Zeller, 1841

The Crambidae are the grass moth family of lepidopterans. They are variable in appearance, the nominal subfamily Crambinae (grass moths) taking up closely folded postures on grass stems where they are inconspicuous, while other subfamilies include brightly coloured and patterned insects which rest in wing-spread attitudes.

In many classifications, the Crambidae have been treated as a subfamily of the Pyralidae or snout-moths.

The principal difference is a structure in the tympanal organs called the praecinctorium, which joins two tympanic membranes in the Crambidae, and is absent from the Pyralidae.

The latest review by Munroe and Solis, in Kristensen (1999), retains the Crambidae as a full family. The family currently comprises 15 subfamilies with altogether 10,347 species in over 1,000 genera.

Since crambids are relatively common throughout human settlements, the moths tend to affect crops and gardens, whether harmfully, beneficially or harmlessly.

Crambid larvae are typically stem borers in plants of the grass family. As this family contains many important crops, some Crambidae species achieve pest status.

The genus Cirrhochrista is a moths of the family Crambidae described by Julius Lederer in 1863.

Cirrhochrista fumipalpis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Cajetan Felder, Rudolf Felder and Alois Friedrich Rogenhofer in 1875. It is found on the Moluccas.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Family : Crambidae

Genus : Cirrhochrista

Species : C. fumipalpis

Binomial name : Cirrhochrista fumipalpis

C. Felder, R. Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875

Papilio is a genus of butterfly in the swallowtail butterfly family, Papilionidae, as well as the only representative of the tribe Papilionini. 

In their larval form, members of Papilio typically feed upon plants of Rutaceae including common ornamental and agriculturally important species such as Citrus species, Murraya species, Choisya species and Calodendrum species. Caterpillars sequester terpenoids from their diet to produce a foul smelling oil used in defence.

Papilio demoleus is a common and widespread swallowtail butterfly. The butterfly is also known as the lime butterfly, lemon butterfly, lime swallowtail, and chequered swallowtail. P. demoleus is perhaps the most widely distributed swallowtail in the world.

The widespread range of P. demoleus indicates the butterfly's tolerance and adaptation to diverse habitats. It is found in savannahs, fallow lands, gardens, evergreen and semi-evergreen forests, and shows a preference for streams and riverbeds.

The lime butterfly is an economic pest on many cultivated citrus species. These common names refer to their host plants, which are usually citrus species such as the cultivated lime.

P. demoleus unlike most swallowtail butterflies, it does not have a prominent tail. This butterfly is a pest and invasive species, found from Asia to Australia and has spread to Hispaniola island (Dominican Republic) in the Western Hemisphere, and to Mahé, Seychelles.

P. demoleus is tailless and has a wingspan of 80–100 mm.  Above, the background colour is black. A broad, irregular yellow band is found on the wings above, which is broken in the case of the forewing.

Besides this, the butterfly has a large number of irregular spots on the wing. The upper hindwing has a red tornal spot with blue edging around it.

P. demoleus is an avid mud-puddler and visitor of flowers. It basks with its wings held wide open on tufts of grass and herbs, and generally keeps within a metre of the ground, even on cloudy days. It relies on its quick flight for escape. It has a number of modes of flight. In the cool of the morning, the flight is slow considering that it is an edible and unprotected swallowtail.

As the day progresses, it flies fast, straight, and low. In the hotter part of the day, it may be found settling on damp patches, where it will remain motionless, except for an occasional flutter of wings, if not disturbed.

It is also a frequent visitor of flowers in gardens, where it shows a preference for flowers of smaller herbs rather than larger plants such as the ubiquitous Lantana with its plentiful blooms. It can be found swarming in the groves of its food plants.

​

Phylum  : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Family : Papilionidae

Genus : Papilio

Species : P. demoleus

Binomial name : Papilio demoleus

Linnaeus, 1758

Creatonotos is a genus of tiger moths in the family Erebidae. The moths in the genus are found in the Afrotropics, South and East Asia, Sundaland and Australia.

Creatonotos gangis, the Baphomet moth, is a species of arctiine moth in South East Asia and Australia. It was described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1763 Centuria Insectorum.

The Baphomet moth, or Creatonotos gangis is actually one of the most otherworldly-looking moths in the insect kingdom. Often called the "Tentacle Moth" or "Alien Moth". It is a striking Southeast Asian and Australian moth known for its red abdomen and the male’s inflatable, hair-covered scent organs called coremata.

Adults have white hindwings and brown forewings, each with a dark streak, and a wingspan of 4 cm. The abdomen is red or, more rarely, yellow. Males have four large eversible coremata (scent organs), which can exceed the length of the abdomen when inflated.

The eggs are yellow and round, and are laid in rows on the leaves of food plants. The caterpillars are brown hairy animals with a yellow stripe along the back, with a polyphagous diet, known as a minor pest which feeds on groundnuts, rice, ragi, sorghum, Pennisetum americanum, coffee, sweetpotato, and lucerne crops.

Creatonotos gangis lives in South East Asia and parts of Australia. Its Asian distribution includes eastern Indonesia, India, Iran, Sri Lanka, China, Japan, Singapore, Thailand and New Guinea.

In Australia, it is restricted to northern parts of Western Australia, Northern Territory and Queensland, extending as far south as Mackay.

Adult males secrete the pheromone hydroxydanaidal ​in order to attract mates. The amount produced, and the size of the coremata which produce it, are however dependent on the diet that the moth experienced as a caterpillar.

If the larval diet contained pyrrolizidine alkaloids, then the coremata become large and the male will release up to 400 micrograms (0.4 milligrams) of Hydroxydanaidal, but if it does not, then the coremata do not grow large and no scent is produced.

The larvae of C. gangis can cause extensive damage to the foliage of pomegranate trees.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Superfamily : Noctuoidea

Family : Erebidae

Subfamily : Arctiinae

Genus : Creatonotos

Species : C. gangis

Binomial name : Creatonotos gangis

Linnaeus, 1763

Lasiocampoidea is the superfamily of "lappet moths" (Lasiocampidae), containing one family of small to very large moths.

​The Lasiocampidae are a family of moths also known as eggars, snout moths (although this also refers to the Pyralidae), or lappet moths. Over 2,000 species occur worldwide, and probably not all have been named or studied.

Caterpillars of this family are large and are most often hairy, especially on their sides. Most have skin flaps on their prolegs and a pair of dorsal glands on their abdomens. They feed on leaves of many different trees and shrubs, and often use these same plants to camouflage their cocoons. 

Some species are called tent caterpillars due to their habit of living together in nests spun of silk. As adults, the moths in this family are large bodied with broad wings and may still have the characteristic elongated mouth parts, or have reduced mouthparts and not feed as adults. They are either diurnal or nocturnal.

​Females lay a large number of eggs which are flat in appearance and either smooth or slightly pitted. In tent caterpillars, the eggs are deposited in masses and covered with a material that hardens in air. Females are generally larger and slower than the males, but the sexes otherwise resemble each other. Moths are typically brown or grey, with hairy legs and bodies.

Lappet moth caterpillars are notable for their size, hairiness, and lappets, which provide camouflage and protection. While generally not major pests, they can occasionally cause noticeable defoliation, making them an important species to observe in both natural and managed landscapes.

​

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Clade : Apoditrysia

Clade : Obtectomera

Clade : Macroheterocera

Superfamily : Lasiocampoidea

Family : Lasiocampidae

Harris, 1841

Catoria sublavaria is a moth of the family Geometridae described by Achille Guenée in 1857.

​It is found in the asia tropics of India, Sri Lanka, Singapore, Myanmar, towards New Guinea, to the Bismarck Islands and Taiwan.

Its wingspan is about 40–45 mm. Forewings with vein 10 and 11 stalked in male, sometimes connected with vein 12, but in female with vein 11 anastomosing (fusing) or coincident with vein 12.

Body greyish white. Frons and palpi black. Wings irrorated (sprinkled) with pale fuscous spots. Forewings with antemedial, both wings with medial, postmedial, submarginal and marginal specks series.

There are traces of a ring-spot at end of cell. Ventral side fuscous, with very large black cell-spots and white marginal patches at apex and middle of each wing.

Larva cylindrical, a shining black with a faint greenish tinge. It rests slightly curved on a leaf edge. Pupation is in a silken cell on the ground or between two leaves.

The larvae feed on Alseodaphne and Excoecaria species.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Family : Geometridae

Subfamily : Ennominae

Tribe : Boarmiini

Genus : Catoria

Species : C. sublavaria

Binomial name : Catoria sublavaria

Guenee, 1857

Junonia is a genus of nymphalid butterflies, described by Jacob Hübner in 1819. They are commonly known as buckeyes, pansies or commodores. This genus flies on every continent except Antarctica and Europe. The genus contains roughly 30 to 35 species.

These butterflies are medium to large (wingspan 40–110 mm). The ground colour is brown or grey suffused blue. Spots on the wings are orange, blue or pink and sometimes large. Many of the species can occur in several colour forms.

The head is of moderate size with smooth, prominent eyes. The palpi are rather long, sharply pointed, ascending, generally convergent and scaly, sometimes more or less hairy. The antennae are of moderate length, generally with a rather short, abruptly formed club. The thorax is robust, ovate, rather sparingly clothed with hairs.

The wing characters are large, broad, variable in outline. Forewing : costa more or less arched, sometimes very strongly so; apical portion more or less produced, sometimes very prominent, with a strong projection on the hind margin at the extremity of the first discoidal nervule; hind margin always more or less dentate and emarginate, with, in many species, a considerable projection at extremity of third median nervule; inner margin nearly straight, or slightly emarginate about centre; discoidal cell generally closed by a slender nervule.

Hindwing : costa strongly arched at base, and more or less so throughout; hind margin always more or less scalloped, sometimes simply rounded (without any marked projections), sometimes with a more or less elongate production of anal angle, and occasionally with a longer or shorter projection of hind margin at extremity of first median nervule; inner margins deeply grooved and entirely covering the under surface of the abdomen; discoidal cell generally open. The abdomen short, compressed, rather slender.

The larvae are rather stout, almost of equal thickness throughout, armed with strong branched spines; sometimes with two short, similar spines on head. The pupae are moderately angulated, with raised tubercles on the back, head slightly bifid. Sometimes hardly angulated, the anterior portions more rounded.

Junonia atlites, the grey pansy is a species of nymphalid butterfly found in South Asia consist of India, southern China, Cambodia, Indochina, the Malay Peninsula, western and central Indonesia, and the Philippines.

Upperside of both sexes pale lavender brown, apical half of wings paler. Forewing : cell with, three transverse, short, sinuous black bands, the outermost defining the discocellulars; a similar short, somewhat broader band beyond the apex of the cell; two transverse discal dusky black fasciae, the inner highly sinuous and outward, angulate above vein 4, the outer straighter, somewhat lunular, bordered by a series of whitish ovals with dusky or black centers.

The black-centered spots in the ovals in interspaces 2, 5, and 6 margined posteriorly with rich ocherous yellow. Beyond this series of ovals is a lunular, narrow, transverse dark band, followed by sinuous subterminal and terminal broad dark lines.

Apex of wing slightly fuliginous. Hindwing: a short slender black loop from veins 6 to 4 at apex of cell-area; two discal sinuous transverse dark, fasciae in continuation of those on the forewing: followed by a series of dark-centered ovals in interspaces 2–6, the ovals in interspaces 2, 5, and 6 with the dark centers inwardly broadly bordered with ochreous yellow; postdiscal, subterminal and terminal dark lunular lines as on the fore wing.

Underside lilacine white markings as on the upperside but very delicate, slender and somewhat obsolescent. In the dry-season forms of the males the rows of oval ocelli are only indicated by the yellow-centered ovals.

The most prominent marking is the inner discal fascia crossing the wings; this is much less sinuous than on the upperside and not angulated on the forewing.

​In the females the markings are all heavier and more distinct, the space between the various transverse fasciae tinged with ocherous.

The larvae of Junonia atlites feed on Oryza, Pseuderanthemum, Strobilanthes, Asteracantha longifolia, Alternanthera philoxeroides, Barleria, Hygrophila lancea, and Hygrophila salicifolia.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Family : Nymphalidae

Genus : Junonia

Species : J. atlites

Binomial name : Junonia atlites

Linnaeus, 1763

The Sphingidae are a family of moths (Lepidoptera) called sphinx moths, also colloquially known as hawk moths, with many of their caterpillars known as “hornworms”; it includes about 1,450 species. It is best represented in the tropics, but species are found in every region.

They are moderate to large in size and are distinguished among moths for their agile and sustained flying ability, similar enough to that of hummingbirds as to be reliably mistaken for them.

Their narrow wings and streamlined abdomens are adaptations for rapid flight. The family was named by French zoologist Pierre André Latreille in 1802.

Some hawk moths, such as the hummingbird hawk-moth or the white-lined sphinx, hover in midair while they feed on nectar from flowers, so are sometimes mistaken for hummingbirds.

In studies with Manduca sexta, moths have dynamic flight sensory abilities due to their antennae. The antennae are vibrated in a plane so that when the body of the moth rotates during controlled aerial maneuvers, the antennae are subject to the inertial Coriolis forces that are linearly proportional to the angular velocity of the body. 

The Coriolis forces cause deflections of the antennae, which are detected by the Johnston's organ at the base of each antenna, with strong frequency responses at the beat frequency of the antennae (around 25 Hz) and at twice the beat frequency. 

The relative magnitude of the two frequency responses enables the moth to distinguish rotation around the different principal axes, allowing for rapid course control during aerial maneuvers.

Amplypterus is a genus of moths in the family Sphingidae. The genus was erected by Jacob Hübner in 1819.

Amplypterus panopus, the mango hawkmoth, is a moth of the family Sphingidae.

The species was first described by Pieter Cramer in 1779. It is found in Sri Lanka, southern and northern India (including the Andaman Islands and Nicobar Islands), Nepal, Myanmar, southern China, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Indonesia (to Sulawesi), Singapore and the Philippines.

Adults are on wing in March, April, June, August and December in Hong Kong.

The wingspan is 130–168 mm. Larvae have been recorded on Dracontomelum, Mangifera indica, Rhus, Durio, Calophyllum and Garcinia.

Superficially similar to species of the Adhemarius dariensis species-group but Amplypterus panopus panopus is distinctive in the broad, sharply delineated, parallel-sided, ash-pink band across the forewing and similarly coloured broad markings on the anterior half of the abdomen.

These bands contrast with the dark chocolate-brown colour of the thorax, forewing bases and distal half of the abdomen. When resting, the wings are spread widely in a plane below the horizontal, the forewings not quite covering the hindwings, the latter just covering the sides of the abdomen.

In this position the moth is a wonderful example of protective colouring. These bands divide the moth into three stripes, two dark bands separated by a pale band. Apex broadly of hindwing rounded (pointed in Amplypterus mansoni).

Unlike Adhemarius dariensis and its relatives, the forewing upperside of Amplypterus panopus panopus lacks the subbasal spot and the tornal patch is developed into a poorly defined eyespot; tornal eyespot better developed than in Amplypterus mansoni and the submarginal area above it with a stronger, more contrasted pattern.

Outer third of hindwing upperside has a diagnostic pattern of black veins crossing an olive-green submarginal and blue-grey marginal band.

In the male genitalia, uncus with a spatulate median process. Gnathos produced into a median plate, slightly longer than broad.

Valve very large, apex rounded; stridulatory scales present. Harpe a small basal ridge standing nearly at right-angles to ventral edge of valve. Aedeagus with a small tooth; apex with two lingulate flaps bearing setose triangular projections. In the female genitalia, sterigma membranous except for the strongly rounded distal edge.

The moth is sluggish during the daytime and allows itself to be handled, but at night it flies strongly.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Family : Sphingidae

Genus : Amplypterus

Species : A. panopus

Binomial name : Amplypterus panopus 

Cramer, [1779]

Glyphodes actorionalis is a moth in the family Crambidae, first described by Francis Walker in 1859. It is found in tropical and subtropical regions, including Zambia, India, and Indonesia (the Moluccas, Sulawesi).

Glyphodes actorionalis is a species of Lepidoptera in the family crambid snout moths. They are nocturnal.

The Crambidae are the grass moth family of lepidopterans. They are variable in appearance, the nominal subfamily Crambinae (grass moths) taking up closely folded postures on grass stems where they are inconspicuous, while other subfamilies include brightly coloured and patterned insects which rest in wing-spread attitudes.

In many classifications, the Crambidae have been treated as a subfamily of the Pyralidae or snout-moths. The principal difference is a structure in the tympanal organs called the praecinctorium, which joins two tympanic membranes in the Crambidae, and is absent from the Pyralidae. 

The latest review by Munroe and Solis, in Kristensen (1999), retains the Crambidae as a full family. The family currently comprises 15 subfamilies with altogether 10,347 species in over 1,000 genera.

The species is found across south-east Asia, including India, Japan and Zambia as well as Australia in Queensland.

Glyphodes actorionalis is known for its dark brown to black forewings, featuring several iridescent, translucent pale blue-white patches, and largely translucent pale blue-white hindwings bordered in dark brown. The wingspan is about 3 cms.

The moth undergoes complete metamorphosis, with eggs laid on host plants, larvae feeding on leaves, pupation occurring, and adults emerging. It is a least-concern species, indicating that it is not currently under threat from human activities.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Family : Crambidae

Genus : Glyphodes

Species : G. actorionalis

Binomial name : Glyphodes actorionalis

Walker, 1859

Saptha beryllitis is a moth in the family Choreutidae it was described by Edward Meyrick in 1910. It is found in Japan, Taiwan, India's Nicobar Islands and Singapore.

Choreutidae, or metalmark moths, are a family of insects in the lepidopteran order whose relationships

have been long disputed. It was placed previously in the superfamily Yponomeutoidea in family

Glyphipterigidae and in superfamily Sesioidea.

It is now considered to represent its own superfamily (Minet, 1986). The relationship of the family to the other lineages in the group "Apoditrysia" need a new assessment, especially with new molecular data.

The moths occur worldwide, with 19 genera in three subfamilies defined by the structural characteristics of the immature stages (larvae and pupae), rather than the characters of the adults (Heppner and Duckworth, 1981; Rota, 2005).

These small moths often bear metallic scales and are mostly day-flying (some also come to lights), with a jerky, pivoting behaviour, and may fluff up their wings at an extreme angle.

Some tropical exemplars such as the genus Saptha are quite spectacular, with bright green metallic bands . The members of the genus Brenthia, usually placed in their own subfamily Brenthiinae, have eyespots on the wings and have been shown to mimic jumping spiders (Rota and Wagner, 2006).

​

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Family : Choreutidae

Genus : Saptha

Species : S. beryllitis

Binomial name : Saptha beryllitis

Meyrick, 1910

Spodoptera litura, otherwise known as the tobacco cutworm or cotton leafworm, is a nocturnal moth in the family Noctuidae.

Spodoptera litura is a serious polyphagous pest in Asia, Oceania, and the Indian subcontinent that was first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775.

Its common names reference two of the most frequent host plants of the moth. In total, 87 species of host plants that are infested by S. litura are of economic importance. The species parasitize the plants through the larvae vigorous eating patterns, oftentimes leaving the leaves completely destroyed.

The moth's effects are quite disastrous, destroying economically important agricultural crops and decreasing yield in some plants completely. Their potential impact on the many different cultivated crops, and subsequently the local agricultural economy, has led to serious efforts to control the pests.

Spodoptera litura is often confused with its close relative, Spodoptera littoralis. These two species are hard to discriminate between because the larvae and adult forms are identical. Inspecting the genitalia is the most certain way to tell the two species apart.

Larvae body length ranges from 2.3 to 32 mm. The larva is variable in color based on age. Younger larvae tend to be a lighter green while older ones develop to a dark green or brown color. A bright yellow stripe along the dorsal surface is a characteristic feature of the larvae.

The larvae also have no hair. Newly hatched larvae can be found by looking for scratch marks on leaf surfaces. Since Spodoptera litura is nocturnal, the larvae feed at night. During the day, they can usually be found in the soil around the plant. There are six instar stages, and by the last stage, the final instar can weigh up to 800 mg.

Spodoptera litura larvae are voracious feeders on a wide range of crops causing significant damage to crops and reducing severe defoliation and yield loss

Its polyphagous nature and wide distribution make it a serious agricultural pest, prompting extensive control efforts in affected regions.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Superfamily : Noctuoidea

Family : Noctuidae

Genus : Spodoptera

Species : S. litura

Binomial name : Spodoptera litura

Fabricius, 1775

The geometer moths are moths belonging to the family Geometridae of the insect order Lepidoptera, the moths and butterflies.

Their scientific name derives from the Ancient Greek geo γεω (derivative form of γῆ or γαῖα "the earth"), and metron μέτρον "measure" in reference to the way their larvae, or "inchworms", appear to "measure the earth" as they move along in a looping fashion.

A very large family, it has around 23,000 species of moths described, and over 1400 species from six subfamilies indigenous to North America alone. A well-known member is the peppered moth, Biston betularia, which has been subject of numerous studies in population genetics. Several other geometer moths are notorious pests.

Many geometrids have slender abdomens and broad wings which are usually held flat with the hindwings visible. As such, they appear rather butterfly-like, but in most respects they are typical moths; the majority fly at night, they possess a frenulum to link the wings, and the antennae of the males are often feathered. They tend to blend into the background, often with intricate, wavy patterns on their wings.

In some species, females have reduced wings (e.g. winter moth and fall cankerworm). Most are of moderate size, about 3 cm (1.2 in) in wingspan, but a range of sizes occur from 10–50 mm (0.39–1.97 in), and a few (e.g., Dysphania species) reach an even larger size.

Derambila is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae first described by Francis Walker in 1863. Its palpi are porrect (extending forward) and hairy. Antennae long and slender, minutely serrate in male, which is ciliated in female. Legs very long and slender. Fore tibia short and hind tibia with fold and tuft, and without spurs in female. 

Forewings with vein 3 from long before angle of cell. Veins 7 to 9 stalked from before upper angle and vein 10 absent. Vein 11 becoming coincident with vein 12. Hindwings with vein 3 from before angle of cell. Vein 5 from middle of discocellulars and vein 6 and 7 stalked.

Derambila lumenaria is a moth of the family Geometridae described by Carl Geyer in 1837. It is found in Sri Lanka, India and Sundaland and is also found in Singapore. Prominent black dots are found along the wing margins.

The moth is characterized by prominent black dots along its wing margins. It has been recorded in three Bornean specimens, with one from Sarawak and two from the lower slopes of G. Kinabalu. 

The species is part of the genus Derambila, which is found throughout the Old World tropics, with the greatest diversity on the Sunda Shelf. 

The only host record for D. lumenaria is for Vitex (Verbenaceae) for D. fragilis Butler.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Family : Geometridae

Subfamily : Desmobathrinae

Genus : Derambila

Walker, [1863]

Species : D. lumenaria

Binomial name : Derambila lumenaria

Geyer, 1837

Bertula abjudicalis is a moth of the family Noctuidae first described by Francis Walker in 1859. 

The Noctuidae, commonly known as owlet moths, cutworms or armyworms, are a family of moths. They are considered the most controversial family in the superfamily Noctuoidea because many of the clades are constantly changing, along with the other families of the Noctuoidea.

It was considered the largest family in Lepidoptera for a long time, but after regrouping Lymantriinae, Catocalinae and Calpinae within the family Erebidae, the latter holds this title now.

Currently, Noctuidae is the second largest family in Noctuoidea, with about 1,089 genera and 11,772 species. This classification is still contingent, as more changes continue to appear between Noctuidae and Erebidae.

Most noctuid adults have drab wings, but some subfamilies, such as Acronictinae and Agaristinae, are very colorful, especially those from tropical regions (e.g. Baorisa hieroglyphica).

They are characterized by a structure in the metathorax called the nodular sclerite or epaulette, which separates the tympanum and the conjunctiva in the tympanal organ.

It functions to keep parasites (Acari) out of the tympanal cavity. Another characteristic in this group is trifine hindwing venation, by reduction or absence of the second medial vein (M2). Markings present on the wings of noctuid adults can be helpful in distinguishing species.

Bertula abjudicalis, its wingspan is about 26 mm. Males with recurved palpi over vertex of head and thorax. Second joint fringed with hair in front and with tufts of very long hair from the inner side. The third joint with tufts of long hair. Fore tibia without a sheath.

Forewings with a costal fold acting as a retinaculum, which is narrow. Head and thorax dark red brown. Abdomen fuscous with a pale line on basal segment. Forewings with reddish-brown basal area. An oblique antemedial ochreous line and a white lunule at end of cell present.

There is a postmedial line sinuous from the costa to vein 4, where it is angled and bent inwards to below the end of cell. The area between the lines is brownish ochreous with traces of a medial line. An indistinct sinuous submarginal line can be seen.

Hindwings dark fuscous with indistinct pale waved medial and submarginal lines. Ventral side with pale basal area. There is a cell-spot and the lines are more distinct. Some specimens have a much darker area between antemedial and postmedial lines of forewings.

Bertula abjudicalis is foud in India, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Taiwan , Singapore and from Sri Lanka to Australia, where it has been recorded from New South Wales.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Family : Noctuidae

Genus : Bertula

Species : B. abjudicalis

Binomial name : Bertula abjudicalis

Walker, 1859

Papilio is a genus in the swallowtail butterfly family, Papilionidae, as well as the only representative of the tribe Papilionini. The word papilio is Latin for butterfly.

Papilio polytes, the common Mormon, is a common species of swallowtail butterfly widely distributed across Asia. This butterfly is known for the mimicry displayed by the numerous forms of its females which mimic inedible red-bodied swallowtails, such as the common rose and the crimson rose.

The common Mormon prefers lightly wooded country, but is present everywhere and high up into the hills.

It is a regular visitor to gardens, being especially abundant in orchards of its food plants—oranges and limes. It is most common in the monsoon and post-monsoon months.

The male has one morph only. It is a dark-coloured swallow-tailed butterfly. The upper forewing has a series of white spots decreasing in size towards the apex.

The upper hindwing has a complete discal band of elongated white spots. It may or may not have marginal red crescents. The males are generally smaller in size than the females but not always.

Both male and all forms of the female of P. polytes can vary considerably in size depending on climatic region.

The female of the common Mormon is polymorphic. In the Indian Subcontinent, it has several forms or morphs.

Caterpillars are folivores, feeding on leaves of citrus plants (key lime, sweet orange, sweet lime, bael, mandarin orange, kaffir lime, curry tree, gin berry, orange climber). Early instars resemble bird droppings for camouflage, while later instars develop green coloration with raised stripes. Caterpillars possess an osmeterium, a forked organ that secretes noxious chemicals when threatened.

Papilio polytes is found across Asia, including India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Myanmar, Thailand, Singapore, southern and western China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Japan (Ryukyu Islands), Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia (except Moluccas and Irian Jaya), the Philippines, and Northern Marianas. 

It inhabits tropical and subtropical areas, including lightly wooded country, open forests, meadows, agricultural fields, suburban gardens, and even urban areas, and is commonly seen in orchards of citrus plants. It prefers elevations from 200 to 1000 meters and requires access to water or moist soil for puddling behavior by males (drinking salty fluids)

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Family : Papilionidae

Genus : Papilio

Species : P. polytes

Binomial name : Papilio polytes

Linnaeus, 1758

Orgyia is a genus of tussock moths of the family Erebidae. The genus was described by Ochsenheimer in 1810. The species are cosmopolitan, except for the Neotropical realm.

Larvae of Orgyia postica, the cocoa tussock moth or hevea tussock moth, is a species of moth of the subfamily Lymantriinae of family Erebidae found from the Oriental tropics of India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Borneo, Java, New Guinea, Singapore and Taiwan. It was described by Francis Walker in 1855.

The wingspan of Orgyia postica is 20–30 mm for males. In the male, the head, thorax, and abdomen are brownish. Forewings are brown with an indistinct oblique sub-basal line. Waved antemedial and postmedial lines approach each other at the lower angle of the cell. 

The area between them is slightly tinged with bluish grey and with a waved dark line edged with white on each side of the discocellulars. Two indistinct waved submarginal lines are present. The apex is slightly tinged with grey and with some subapical dark streaks. Hindwings are dark brown. The female is wingless.

Orgyia postica larvae are yellowish, clothed sparsely with brown hair. One dorsal and two lateral brown bands are seen. Paired tufts of hair are on the first and eleventh somites projecting forward and backward. 

Lateral tufts of grey hair project from the fourth and fifth somites. Dorsal tufts of yellow hair are on the fourth to seventh somites. The head is red. the pupa is stout; in males, it is glossy black, with numerous short, small tufts of hairs. 

Spatulate setae changes to turquoise colour under utra violet light. Eggs are pillbox shaped, and pale whitish brown with a darker ring encircling a depressed top.

Adult males are on wing year round. The name Orgyia is because the larvae have been recorded on a wide range of species. 

Orgyia postica larvae are generalist feeders, consuming leaves from a wide variety of plants, including cocoa, mango, lychee, roses, hibiscus, Hevea, Mangifera, Durio, Casuarina, Terminalia, Shorea, Ricinus, Pelargonium, Cinnamomum, Acacia, Albizia, Caesalpinia, Cajanus, Cassia, Dalbergia, Erythrina, Pithecellobium, Pterocarpus, Sesbania, Xylia, Lagerstroemia, Eucalyptus, Tristania, Zizyphus, Malus, Coffea, Citrus, Santalum, Dimocarpus, Litchi, Nephelium, Theobroma, Camellia, Grewia, and Tectona. 

They feed irregularly on leaves, often causing minor damage in gardens and plantations. The larvae possess urticating hairs that serve as a defense mechanism. These hairs can detach and penetrate human skin, releasing mild toxins that may cause pain, itching, and rash. 

Severe reactions are rare but can lead to secondary infections if the affected area is scratched. To prevent contact, it is recommended to wear protective clothing when handling plants infested with these larvae.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Superfamily : Noctuoidea

Family :Erebidae

Genus : Orgyia

Species : O. postica

Binomial name : Orgyia postica

Walker, 1855

Moths are a paraphyletic group of insects that includes all members of the order Lepidoptera that are not butterflies, with moths making up the vast majority of the order. 

There are thought to be approximately 160,000 species of moth, many of which have yet to be described. Most species of moth are nocturnal, but there are also crepuscular and diurnal species.

Although the rules for distinguishing moths from butterflies are not well established, one very good

guiding principle is that butterflies have thin antennae and (with the exception of the family Hedylidae) have small balls or clubs at the end of their antennae.

Moth antennae are usually feathery with no ball on the end. The divisions are named by this principle: "club-antennae" (Rhopalocera) or "varied-antennae" (Heterocera).

Lepidoptera differs between butterflies and other organisms due to evolving a special characteristic of having the tube-like proboscis in the Middle Triassic which allowed them to acquire nectar from flowering plants.

Moth larvae, or caterpillars, make cocoons from which they emerge as fully grown moths with wings. Some moth caterpillars dig holes in the ground, where they live until they are ready to turn into adult moths.

Sympis rufibasis is a moth of the family Noctuidae first described by Achille Guenée in 1852. It is found from the Indo-Australian tropics of India, Sri Lanka, Borneo east to New Guinea, the Solomons, singapore

and Queensland.

Its wingspan is 48 to 50 mm. The male has an orange-red head and thorax. Abdomen reddish brown, forewings with orange-red basal area, bounded by an oblique blue line.

​The outer area reddish brown with a large scarlet lunule beyond the cell and a white speck on the costa above it. An indistinct, irregularly dentate, sub-marginal line and a marginal specks series present. 

Hindwings fuscous with incomplete medial white band and waved marginal line. Ventral side almost entirely grey suffused. A crenulate postmedial line present. Female lack scarlet lunule on forewings.

Larva darkish, olive green brown with a distinct pale yellow stripe which runs along each side and extends from the head to the anal prolegs. The larvae feed on Dimocarpus, Litchi and Nephelium species.

​

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order: Lepidoptera

Family : Noctuidae

Genus : Sympis

Species : S. rufibasis

Binomial name : Sympis rufibasis

Guenée, 1852

Asota is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae first described by Jacob Hübner in 1819. Species are widely distributed throughout Africa, India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, the Malayan region and tropical parts of the Australian region.

​Asota heliconia is a moth in the family Erebidae. The wingspan is 52 mm, it is found from the Indo-Australian tropics east to Queensland and the Solomons. It is also found in Singapore.

Larvae have been recorded on Averrhoa species. The Asota heliconia is primarily found in lowlands, particularly in disturbed habitats such as secondary forests. It has been recorded at altitudes up to 1900 meters. The larva of this moth is known to feed on Averrhoa species.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Superfamily : Noctuoidea

Family : Erebidae

Genus : Asota

Species : A. heliconia

Binomial name : Asota heliconia

Linnaeus, 1758

Nolidae is a family of moths with about 1,700 described species worldwide. They are mostly small with dull coloration, the main distinguishing feature being a silk cocoon with a vertical exit slit. 

The group is sometimes known as tuft moths, after the tufts of raised scales on the forewings of two subfamilies, Nolinae and Collomeninae. The larvae also tend to have muted colors and tufts of short hairs.

Nolidae larvae are known for their unique characteristics and behaviors. They often exhibit a range of morphologies adapted to diverse ecological niches, typically featuring a cylindrical or stout body form with cryptic green, brown, or pale coloration that aids in camouflage among foliage.

Many species possess prominent primary setae arranged on colored pinacula, while secondary setae are present in certain subfamilies, contributing to a fuzzy or woolly texture that may deter predators. 

Prolegs are generally developed on abdominal segments A3–A6, but reductions occur in specific lineages, such as the absence or vestigiality of the A3 pair, which enhances mobility or reduces visibility on host plants. Specialized structures in Nolidae larvae often serve defensive or feeding functions.

Nolid Moth Caterpillar (Chloephorinae, Nolidae) Chloephorinae is a subfamily of the moth family Nolidae.

It includes, among others, many of the moths known as silver-lines. They are rather similar to some owlet moths (Noctuidae) in appearance and often colored a vivid green, but may also be brown, grey, or white.

The Nolid Moth Caterpillar, belonging to the family Nolidae, is characterized by its small size, dull coloration, and the distinctive silk cocoon with a vertical exit slit. These caterpillars are often found in tropical regions and are known for their role in the ecosystem as a biological control agent for certain plants.

They are also known for their unique appearance, which includes a bulbous green head and orange skin with a white underbelly. 

Phylum : Arthropoda

Clade : Pancrustacea

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Subfamily : Chloephorinae

Superfamily : Noctuoidea

Family : Nolidae

Bruand, 1847

Hypolimnas is a genus of tropical brush-footed butterflies commonly known as eggflies or diadems. The genus contains approximately 23 species, most of which are found in Africa, Asia, and Oceania. One species, the Danaid eggfly (H. misippus), is noted for its exceptionally wide distribution across five continents; it is the only Hypolimnas species found in the Americas.

Hypolimnas bolina, the great eggfly, common eggfly, varied eggfly, or in New Zealand the blue moon butterfly, is a species of nymphalid butterfly found from Madagascar to Asia and Australia. Eggflies are known for their marked sexual dimorphism and Batesian mimicry of poisonous milkweed butterflies (Danainae). The common name for this species, Eggfly, is a reference to the white oval patch on the forewing of the male butterflies of this species.

The larvae of Hypolimnas bolina are black with an orange head and a pair of long branched black horns. They are covered with long, branching black-orange thorns and feed on young leaves of Ipomoea batatas and Asystasia gangetica.

In New Zealand, they have been observed sucking nectar from plants such as Lantana, Grevillea, Hebe, Symphyotrichum novi-belgii, and Solanum muricatum. The larvae are initially communal but later instars become solitary foragers, feeding at night and hiding by day. They can grow to a length of about 6 cm and are known to be highly mobile, readily dispersing in search of new host foliage.

Race bolina breeds on Sida rhombifolia, Elatostemma cuneatum, Portulaca oleracea, Laportea interrupta, Triumfetta pentandra and Asystasia species.

Other hosts include Elatostema cuneatum, Fleurya interrupta, Pseuderanthemum variabile, Ipomoea batatas, Alternanthera denticulata, and Synedrella nodiflora. Caterpillars accept leaves of Pipiturus argenteus. They are also known to feed on Urtica dioica and Malva species. 

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Lepidoptera

Family : Nymphalidae

Genus : Hypolimnas

Species : H. bolina

Binomial name : Hypolimnas bolina

Linnaeus, 1758