Railmall : 22-08-25 

Ceriagrion cerinorubellum, is a medium-sized damselfly in the family Coenagrionidae found in Southeast Asia and parts of India and China, including Singapore.

Common names Ornate Coraltail, Orange-tailed Marsh Dart, and Bi-coloured Damsel.

It is characterized by its greenish-blue eyes and thorax, with distinctive brick-red coloring on its abdomen, particularly segments 1, 2, and the basal half of segment 3, as well as the apical half of segments 7 to 10.

The female is similar but generally more robust and duller in color. These damselflies are relatively common and can be found in various still water habitats, including urban ponds, marshes, and drains.

It is a predator of insects and is characterized by its bright bluish-green eyes, thorax, and brick-red on the first two and last three abdominal segments.

They breed in weeded ponds, marshes, and other stillwater environments.

The species is found across Asia, including India, Bangladesh, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam.

Class : Insecta

Order : Odonata

Suborder : Zygoptera

Family : Coenagrionidae

Genus : Ceriagrion

Species : C. cerinorubellum

Binomial name : Ceriagrion cerinorubellum

(Brauer, 1865)

Trithemis is a genus of dragonflies in the family Libellulidae. They are commonly known as dropwings. There are over 40 species, mainly from Africa; two are endemic to Madagascar, and five can be found in Asia.

They are found in a wide variety of habitats, some species being adapted to permanent streams in forests, and others being capable of breeding in temporary pools in deserts.

Trithemis aurora, the crimson marsh glider, is a species of dragonfly in the family Libellulidae, it is a common and widely distributed species found throughout the year across the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia.

The male of the species is distinctly different from the female, male has a reddish-brown face, with eyes that are crimson above and brown on the sides, thorax is red with a fine, purple pruinescence. The abdomen, the base of which is swollen, is crimson with a violet tinge. The wings are transparent with crimson venation and the base has a broad amber patch. The wing spots are a dark reddish-brown and the legs are black.

The female has an olivaceous or bright reddish-brown face with eyes that are purplish-brown above and grey below. The thorax is olivaceous with brown median and black lateral stripes and the abdomen is reddish-brown with median and lateral black markings. The black markings are confluent at the end of each segment and enclose a reddish-brown spot. 

The wings are transparent with brown tips. The venation is bright yellow to brown and basal amber markings are pale. The wing spots are a dark brown and the lags are dark grey with narrow yellow stripes.

It is commonly found in weedy tanks and ponds, marshes, channels, and slow flowing streams and rivers in the lowlands and mid-hills. It breeds in streams, rivers, canals, ponds and tanks.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Odonata 

Infraorder : Anisoptera

Family : Libellulidae

Genus : Trithemis

Species : T. aurora

Binomial name : Trithemis aurora

(Burmeister, 1839)

Synonyms :

Libellula aurora Burmeister, 1839

Trithemis soror Brauer, 1868

Trithemis adelpha Selys, 1878

Trithemis fraterna Albarda, 1881

Trithemis congener Kirby, 1890

The Protoneuridae are a family of damselflies. Most species are commonly known as threadtails, while others are commonly known as bambootails.

These are usually small-sized damselflies and their wings are narrow and mostly transparent, with simple venation.

Males tend to be colourful and many have a red, orange, yellow or blue thorax and a black abdomen. Others have a black thorax and brightly coloured abdomen and others are entirely dark. Their usual habitats are the verges of rivers and streams and the margins of large lakes.

Prodasineura verticalis is a damselfly in the family Platycnemididae. It is commonly known as the red-striped black bambootail or black bambootail.

Prodasineura verticalis can be found in Asian countries, China, Guangxi, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, and Thailand.

It is medium size damselfly with black-capped brown eyes. Its hindwings are about 19–20 mm and the abdomen about 30 mm. The male of this damselfly is mostly black with red and yellow stripes on its thorax and small yellow spots on the abdomen.

The pterostigma or the wing spot is diamond-shaped and is dark brown in colour. Abdomen is black with segments 3 to 6 have small base-dorsal yellow spots. Remaining segments are unmarked. The female is similarly marked to the male; but the thoracic stripes are paler and more yellowish.

They are commonly found along the banks of large ponds and rivers, usually sitting among emergent water plants. The oviposition takes place on vegetation or on submerged roots in shallow running water, with the pair in tandem.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Odonata

Family : Protoneuridae

Genus : Prodasineura

Species : P. verticalis

Binomial name : Prodasineura verticalis

(Selys, 1860)

Rhyothemis species is characterized by its broad hingwings and short abdomen.

Rhyothemis phyllis, known as the yellow-striped flutterer or yellow-barred flutterer, is a species of dragonfly of the family Libellulidae, widespread in South-east Asia, including Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, and northern Australia.

​Rhyothemis phyllis is a small to medium-sized dragonfly, commonly found at open ponds or marshes, and swamp forests. Its flight is usually fluttering, it can be recognize by the distinctive brown and yellow bars at base of the hindwing. It is widely distributed in lowland areas and is generally to be found around drains and lakes. Sometimes it forms large swarms in forest clearings far from the breeding grounds.

There are two known sub-species in Australia, Rhyothemis phyllis chloe Kirby, 1894 and Rhyothemis phyllis beatricis Lieftinck, 1942.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Order : Odonata

Infraorder : Anisoptera

Family : Libellulidae

Genus : Rhyothemis

Species : R. phyllis

Binomial name : Rhyothemis phyllis

Sulzer, 1776

Pseudagrion is the largest genus of damselfly in the family Coenagrionidae, with over 140 species. Its range includes most of Africa, much of Asia, and Australia. 

Africa holds most of the diversity with almost 100 species. It has occupied most of the freshwater habitats in its range, and dominates damselfly communities in habitats as different as desert pools, equatorial rainforests and montane streams. 

The blue riverdamsel, Pseudagrion microcephalum is a common species of damselfly in the family Coenagrionidar. It is also known as the blue sprite and blue grass dart.

​It is a medium-sized damselfly with pale blue eyes, dark on top. They grow to 38mm in length. Its thorax is azure blue with black, broad dorsal stripes and narrow humeral stripes. Abdominal segments 1 and 2 are blue with black marks on the dorsum. Mark on segment 2 looks like a chalice or thistle head.

Segments 3 to 7 are black on dorsum and blue on the sides. Segments 8 and 9 are blue; 8 with a thick and 9 with a thin black apical annules. Segment 10 is black on dorsum and blue on the sides. Superior anal appendages are of the same length of segment 10; black and divided at the apices.

Eyes and thorax of the female is bluish green, suffused with orange, marked as in the male; but black is replaced by orange. Color of the abdomen is similar to the male; but paler. Segments 8 and 9 are also black with fine apical blue rings. Segment 10 is pale blue.

This species can easily be found near running water or still water. They usually rest on the plants either in the middle of ponds or at the water edges. It breeds in ponds, lakes and streams.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Odonata

Suborder : Zygoptera

Family : Coenagrionidae

Genus : Pseudagrion

Species : P. microcephalum

Binomial name : Pseudagrion microcephalum

(Rambur, 1842)

Synonyms :

Agrion microcephalum Rambur, 1842

Crocothemis is a genus of dragonflies in the Libellulidae family, subfamily Sympetrinae (darters). Various species of this genus occur in southern Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia and the Southwest Pacific. They are generally small to medium-sized dragonflies.

These dragonflies are often noticed due to their colours. Males are generally very brightly coloured, ranging from totally red in several species, to the rich blue of Australia's C. nigrifrons. As with many Libellulid species, the females tend to be dull brown or orange.

Like most libellulids they tend to perch on sticks, reeds or stones near water, flying out to catch insects then returning to their perch.

The scarlet skimmer or ruddy marsh skimmer (Crocothemis servilia) is a species of dragonfly of the family Libellulidae, native to east and southeast Asia and introduced to Jamaica, Florida, and Hawaii.

It is a medium sized blood-red dragonfly with a thin black line along the mid-dorsal abdomen. Its eyes are blood-red above, purple laterally. Thorax is bright ferruginous, often blood-red on dorsum. Abdomen is blood-red, with a narrow black mid-dorsal carina. Anal appendages are blood-red.

Female is similar to the male; but with olivaceous-brown thorax and abdomen. The black mid-dorsal carina is rather broad. It breeds in ponds, ditches, marshes, open swamps and rice fields.

There are two known subspecies : 

Crocothemis servilia servilia (Drury, 1773)

Crocothemis servilia mariannae Kiauta, 1983.

C. s. mariannae lacks the mid-dorsal black stripe.

​

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Odonata

Family : Libellulidae

Genus : Crocothemis

Species : C. servilia

Binomial name : Crocothemis servilia 

Drury, 1773

Orthetrum is a large genus of dragonflies in the Libellulidae family. They are commonly referred to as skimmers.

The size of adults within the genus ranges from small to large; in Africa, the hindwing ranges in length from 22 to 50 mm. The bodies of adult females and recently emerged males are yellow to brown with black markings; these may facilitate identification of individuals to species level.

Mature males, however, develop blue-grey pruinosity over most of their bodies - this makes species identification difficult without the capture of a specimen and inspection of the shape of the hamule.

The Spine-tufted skimmer, or brown-backed red marsh hawk, (Orthetrum chrysis) is a species of dragonfly in the family Libellulidae. It is widespread in many Asian countries.

It is a medium sized dragonfly with dark thorax and blood-red abdomen. It looks very similar to Orthetrum pruinosum in shape and size; but can be distinguished by the color of the abdomen. The abdomen of the female is ochreous brown. It breeds in pools and marshes.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Order : Odonata

Family : Libellulidae

Genus : Orthetrum

Species : O. chrysis

Binomial name : Orthetrum chrysis

(Selys, 1891)

Trithemis is a genus of dragonflies in the family Libellulidae. They are commonly known as dropwings. There are over 40 species, mainly from Africa; two are endemic to Madagascar, and five can be found in Asia. They are found in a wide variety of habitats; some species being adapted to permanent streams in forests, and others being capable of breeding in temporary pools in deserts.

The long-legged marsh glider or dancing dropwing (Trithemis pallidinervis) is a species of dragonfly found in Asia. Long-legged marsh glider is a medium-sized yellowish brown dragonfly with long legs. 

In males, the face is yellow or pale brown in front and iridescent purple above. The eyes are colored reddish brown above, brown on sides and bluish grey below. The thorax is olivaceous brown above with a dark brown triangle. 

On the sides, it is bright yellowish brown with three black stripes on each side. The legs are black, long, and spidery. The basal half of the femora of the first pair of legs are bright yellow. The wings are transparent with reddish venation. The forewings have amber basal markings. 

The wings have a golden sheen when viewed from certain angle. Wing spot is black with creamy white ends. The abdomen looks bright yellow in color with black median and lateral stripes. These stripes are confluent at the end of each abdominal segment to enclose a wedge shaped yellow spot. The male varies in colour from yellow (below) to chocolate brown when matured.

The females are similar to males but with a broad abdomen. The only way to distinguish the male from the female is the projection on segment two (secondary genital) and purple frons on the face.

This dragonfly is seen near marshes, weedy ponds and lakes where it breeds. It usually perches on tall aquatic weeds or bare ends of shrubs. The long legs are very clearly noticeable at this time. One of the most readily seen dragonflies due to its perching habit and up-winged posture, poised at the tip of swaying reeds.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : OdonataInfra

order : Anisoptera

Family : Libellulidae

Genus : Trithemis

Species : T. pallidinervis

Binomial name : Trithemis pallidinervis

(Kirby, 1889)

Telebasis is a genus of damselflies in the family Coenagrionidae. The genus occurs in the Neotropics. Most of the species are red with a few blue species in South America.

There are the Argia damsels, the most speciose genus of New World Coenagrionids, and then there is Telebasis, with almost 60 described species the second most speciose genus.

Telebasis species come basically in two flavours, red and blue. Telebasis species is relatively inconspicuous, mostly staying low in the grasses along the verge of the wetland and amongst the emergent vegetation in the wetlands.

​Telebasis is a genus of damselflies in the family Coenagrionidae. The genus occurs in the Neotropics. Most of the species are red with a few blue species in South America.

​

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Odonata

Suborder : Zygoptera

Family : Coenagrionidae

​Genus : Telebasis

Selys, 1865

Species : Telebasis corallina

Selys, 1876

Orthetrum is a large genus of dragonflies in the Libellulidae family. They are commonly referred to as skimmers.

The size of adults within the genus ranges from small to large; in Africa, the hindwing ranges in length from 22 to 50 mm. The bodies of adult females and recently emerged males are yellow to brown with black markings; these may facilitate identification of individuals to species level.

Mature males, however, develop blue-grey pruinosity over most of their bodies - this makes species identification difficult without the capture of a specimen and inspection of the shape of the hamule.

Orthetrum sabina, the slender skimmer or green marsh hawk, is a species of dragonfly in the family Libellulidae. It is widespread, being found from south-eastern Europe and North Africa to Japan and south to Australia and Micronesia.

It is a medium-sized dragonfly with a wingspan of 60-85mm. Adults are grayish to greenish yellow with black and pale markings and green eyes. Its abdomen is greenish-yellow, marked with black. It is very similar to Orthetrum serapia in appearance, with both species appearing in northern Australia.

Pale markings on segment four of the abdomen do not extend into the posterior section when viewed from above on Orthetrum sabina. Females are similar to males in shape, color and size; differing only in sexual characteristics. This dragonfly perches motionless on shrubs and dry twigs for long periods. It voraciously preys on smaller butterflies and dragonflies.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Odonata

Infraorder : Anisoptera

Family : Libellulidae

Genus : Orthetrum

Species : O. sabina

Binomial name : Orthetrum sabina

(Drury, 1770)

Brachydiplax chalybea is a species of dragonfly in the family Libellulidae. It is known by the common names yellow-patched lieutenant, rufous-backed marsh hawk, and blue dasher. It is native to much of eastern Asia, from India to Japan to Indonesia.

The male of the species is 33 to 35 millimeters long and has a hindwing 24 to 27 millimeters long. It is powder blue with light brown sides and a dark tip to the abdomen. Wings are hyaline, with tinted burnt-brown base, fading to amber. 

The female is brownish yellow in color with darker markings along the dorsal abdomen. Its wings lack the yellow tinge. This species can be easily distinguished from other species in this genus by its larger size, characteristic colour of the thorax, and bases of wings.

This species is found in many types of wet habitat, including brackish and disturbed waters. The males are seen more often, due to their territorial behavior. Females oviposit by "flicking" an egg mass out of the water into rocks and vegetation nearby.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Odonata

Family : Libellulidae

Genus : Brachydiplax

Species : B. chalybea

Binomial name : Brachydiplax chalybea

(Brauer, 1868)

Bradinopyga geminata is a species of dragonfly in the family Libellulidae known commonly as the granite ghost. It is native to India, Sri Lanka and Thailand, where it is a common and widespread species.

It is a medium sized dragonfly with brown-capped grey eyes. Its thorax is cinereous, marbled and peppered with black in a very irregular manner. Wings are transparent with dual color pterostigma, black at centre and pure white at distal and proximal ends.

​Abdomen is coloured very similarly to thorax; black marbled with yellow, but with a more definite plan. Segments 3 to 8 have pale basal annules interrupted on dorsum, and formed by two elongate parallel spots. There is a triangular apical sub-dorsal spot and a pale mid-dorsal spot. Anal appendages are creamy-white. Female is similar to the male.

Taking advantage of its cryptic coloration, it always rests flat on slab rock or cement-plastered walls, where it almost invisible. Adults occupy habitat near water bodies, such as pools, irrigation channels, wells, and containers with standing water. It breeds in rainy hollows in the rocks or in wells and small cemented tanks.

The species has been studied as a predator of the disease-carrying yellow fever mosquito (Aedes aegypti). The larvae of the dragonfly consume the larvae of the mosquito in the standing-water habitat types that both occupy.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Odonata

Family : Libellulidae

Genus : Bradinopyga

Species : B. geminata

Binomial name : Bradinopyga geminata

(Rambur, 1842)

Odonata is an order of flying insects that includes the dragonflies and damselflies.

Members of the group first appeared during the Triassic, though members of their total group, Odonatoptera, first appeared in Late Carboniferous.

The two common groups are easily distinguished with dragonflies, placed in the suborder Epiprocta, usually being larger, with eyes together and wings up or out at rest, while damselflies, suborder Zygoptera, are usually smaller with eyes placed apart and wings along body at rest.

All Odonata have aquatic larvae called nymphs and all of them, larvae and adults, are carnivorous. The adults can land, but rarely walk. Their legs are specialised for catching prey. They are almost entirely insectivorous.

Gynacantha is a genus of dragonflies in the family Aeshnidae. The females have two prominent spines under the last abdominal segment. This gives the genus name (from Greek female and thorn) and the common name two-spined darners; they are also known as duskhawkers.

The family includes the largest dragonflies found in North America and Europe and among the largest dragonflies on the planet.

Gynacantha is a dragonfly genus with 87 species distributed throughout the world, especially in the tropics and subtropics (Asahina 1993; Schorr & Paulson 2009).

Among them about 30 species are known from the Southeastern Asia. Dragonflies of the genus are large in size, pale brown and green in color and are crepuscular by nature (Fraser 1936).

According to Fraser (1933), blues and greens developing very late in life; thus the majority of descriptions depict the insects as drab brown relieved only by darker shades, whilst the full adult insects are often very beautiful in their display of blended greens and blues.

The females have two prominent spines under the last abdominal segment. This gives the genus name(from Greek female and thorn) and the common name two-spined darners, they are also known as duskhawkers or dingy duskhawkers. Thai name : แมลงปอยักษ์รีทีก้านยาว

Gynacantha subinterrupta is a dragonfly species in the family Aeshnidae, originally described by Rambur in 1842. This species is widely distributed across South and Southeast Asia including China, India, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam, and Indonesia.

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Odonata

Infraorder : Anisoptera

Family : Aeshnidae

Genus : Gynacantha

Rambur, 1842

Species : G. subinterrupta