Frasers Hill : 24-28-05-25

Trimeresurus is a genus of pit vipers native to Asia. They are found from the Indian Subcontinent throughout Southeast Asia, China, and the Pacific Islands.

The genus currently contains 44 recognized species. Vipers are snakes in the family Viperidae, found in most parts of the world, except for Antarctica, Australia, Hawaii, Madagascar, New Zealand, Ireland, and various other isolated islands.

They are venomous and have long (relative to non-vipers), hinged fangs that permit deep envenomation of their prey.

All viperids have a pair of relatively long solenoglyphous (hollow) fangs that are used to inject venom from glands located towards the rear of the upper jaws, just behind the eyes.

Each of the two fangs is at the front of the mouth on a short maxillary bone that can rotate back and forth. When not in use, the fangs fold back against the roof of the mouth and are enclosed in a membranous sheath.

This rotating mechanism allows for very long fangs to be contained in a relatively small mouth. The left and right fangs can be rotated together or independently. During a strike, the mouth can open nearly 180° and the maxilla rotates forward, erecting the fangs as late as possible so that the fangs do not become damaged, as they are brittle.

The jaws close upon impact and the muscular sheaths encapsulating the venom glands contract, injecting the venom as the fangs penetrate the target. This action is very fast in defensive strikes, it will be more a stab than a bite.

Viperids use this mechanism primarily for immobilization and digestion of prey. Pre-digestion occurs as the venom contains proteases, which degrade tissues.

Secondarily, it is used for self defense, though in cases with nonprey, such as humans, they may give a dry bite (not inject any venom). A dry bite allows the snake to conserve its precious reserve of venom, because once it has been depleted, time is needed to replenish it, leaving the snake vulnerable.

In addition to being able to deliver dry bites, vipers can inject larger quantities of venom into larger prey targets, and smaller amounts into small prey. This causes the ideal amount of predigestion for the lowest amount of venom.

Almost all vipers have keeled scales, a stocky build with a short tail, and a triangle-shaped head distinct from the neck, owing to the location of the venom glands.

The great majority have vertically elliptical, or slit-shaped, pupils that can open wide to cover most of the eye or close almost completely, which helps them to see in a wide range of light levels. Typically, vipers are nocturnal and ambush their prey.

Compared to many other snakes, vipers often appear rather sluggish. Most are ovoviviparous, the eggs are retained inside the mother's body and the young emerge living.

However, a few lay eggs in nests. Typically, the number of young in a clutch remains constant, but as the weight of the mother increases, larger eggs are produced, yielding larger young.

Viperid venoms typically contain an abundance of protein-degrading enzymes, called proteases, that produce symptoms such as pain, strong local swelling and necrosis, blood loss from cardiovascular damage complicated by coagulopathy, and disruption of the blood-clotting system.

Also being vasculotoxic in nature, viperine venom causes vascular endothelial damage and hemolysis. Death is usually caused by collapse in blood pressure. This is in contrast to elapid venoms, which generally contain neurotoxins that disable muscle contraction and cause paralysis.

Death from elapid bites usually results from asphyxiation because the diaphragm can no longer contract, but this rule does not always apply, some elapid bites include proteolytic symptoms typical of viperid bites, while some viperid bites produce neurotoxic symptoms.

Proteolytic venom is also dual-purpose, first, it is used for defense and to immobilize prey, as with neurotoxic venoms, second, many of the venom's enzymes have a digestive function, breaking down molecules such as lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins.

This is an important adaptation, as many vipers have inefficient digestive systems. Due to the nature of proteolytic venom, a viperid bite is often a very painful experience and should always be taken seriously, though it may not necessarily prove fatal.

Even with prompt and proper treatment, a bite can still result in a permanent scar, and in the worst cases, the affected limb may even have to be

amputated.

A victim's fate is impossible to predict, as this depends on many factors, including the species and size of the snake involved, how much venom was injected (if any), and the size and health condition of the patient before being bitten. Viper bite victims may also be allergic to the venom or the antivenom.

Most species in the genus Trimeresurus are relatively small, primarily arboreal species, with thin bodies and prehensile tails and most species are typically green in color, but some species also have yellow, black, orange, red, or gold markings.

The diet of Trimeresurus species includes a variety of animals, including lizards, amphibians, birds, rodents, and other small mammals. Species in the genus Trimeresurus are found in Southeast Asia from India (including regions of the North Chotanagpur division of Jharkhand) to Southern China and Japan, and the Malay Archipelago to Timor.

The "Siamese Peninsula Pit Viper" (Trimeresurus fucatus) occurs in mid-hills to montane forests and is distributed through Myanmar, Thailand, and Peninsular Malaysia.

It is a venomous snake, typically green with red outlines, and is active at night. The species was once considered a variant of Pope's Pit Viper but was later recognized as a separate species in 2004,

The Siamese Peninsula Pit Viper has a Bright green to blueish green body with a yellow or white belly. Males have red and white stripes along the lower flanks. It has a Triangular head with yellow/gold eyes and vertical pupils, it is Native to Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Myanmar and Thailand.

The "Siamese Peninsula Pit Viper" (Trimeresurus fucatus) is a Nocturnal species and had a size typically between 40–60 cm in length. It's primarily diet are birds and small mammals, but may also prey on other snakes.

Class : Reptilia

Order : Squamata

Suborder : Serpentes

Family : Viperidae

Subfamily : Crotalinae

Genus : Trimeresurus

Lacépède, 1804

Species : Trimeresurus fucatus

Gernot Vogel, David, and Pauwels, 2004

Frasers Hill : 24-28-05-25

Trimeresurus is a genus of pit vipers native to Asia. They are found from the Indian Subcontinent throughout Southeast Asia, China, and the Pacific Islands. The genus currently contains recognized species. Common names include Asian palm pit vipers, Asian lanceheads, and green pit vipers.

Previously, Trimeresurus from this area were considered part of Trimeresurus gramineus

or Trimeresurus popeiorum. Trimeresurus

nebularis was described in 2004 is part of the subgenus Popeia.

Trimeresurus venom varies in toxicity between species, but all are primarily hemotoxic and considered to be medically significant to humans.

Trimeresurus nebularis (also known as the Cameron Highlands pit viper or the clouded pit viper) is a species of pit viper found in the Cameron Highlands District of west Malaysia and Thailand.

Males can be around 100 cm (39 in) in length and females can reach around 95 cm (37 in) in total length. The body of Trimeresurus nebularis is cylindrical and bright green.

Males have a white or blue ventro-lateral stripe. The pupils are vertical and usually have a yellowish-green iris.

Both males and females usually have blue upper lips. The scales around the throat/chin area are yellowish green while the upper scales are greenish-blue. The tail is a brown rust color on its vertebral region and has a distinct line in between. The rust color and the green lateral color makes it distinguishable from other pit vipers.

Like other Trimeresurus, this species is ovoviviparous

, males have long hemipenes with no spines.

Trimeresurus nebularis habitat is restricted to high elevations above 1,000 m (3,300 ft) and is resides in both Thailand and Malaysia in the central part of the Titiwangsa Range in the Cameron Highlands.

It has also been seen in Fraser’s Hill along with the Genting Highlands in the Pahang State in Malaysia.

The venom of Trimeresurus nebular is under sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed a complex mixture that consisted of a wide range of proteins. Some of the proteins include

metalloproteinase, C-type lectin/lectin-like proteins and serine proteases.

A total of 44 proteins were identified in the venom, forty of those proteins were grouped into 9 different families of toxins. The venom can potentially cause coagulopathy if they bite a human, impairing the coagulation process of blood and causing bleeding.

Coagulopathy (also called a bleeding disorder) is a condition in which the blood's ability to coagulate (form clots) is impaired. This condition can cause a tendency toward prolonged or excessive bleeding.

Coagulopathy may cause uncontrolled internal or external bleeding. Left untreated, uncontrolled bleeding may cause damage to joints, muscles, or internal organs and may be life-threatening, serious symptoms, including heavy external bleeding, blood in the urine or stool, double vision, severe head or neck pain, repeated vomiting, difficulty walking, convulsions, or seizures. They should seek prompt medical care if they experience mild but unstoppable external bleeding or joint swelling and stiffness.

Although epidemiological data are absent,

Trimeresurus nebularis is one of the leading causes of snakebite envenomation within its range.

Trimeresurus nebularis is venomous and its bite can potentially cause coagulopathy (bleeding disorder) in humans. Based on the Remote Envenomation Consultancy Services (RECS) database in MyBIS Toxinology Module, plantation workers and those working in the agricultural industry in Cameron Highlands are most frequently bitten (Ismail, 2015).

The Thai Green Pit Viper Antivenom (GPVAV) has been shown to cross-neutralise T. nebularis venom (Tan et al., 2019), and is used to treat envenoming syndrome from T. nebularis.

This species is listed as vulnerable by the IUCN. If threats against the animal continue, it may progress to a more severe rating on the list.

Phylum : Chordata

Class : Reptilia

Order : Squamata

Suborder : Serpentes

Family : Viperidae

Genus : Trimeresurus

Species : T. nebularis

Binomial name : Trimeresurus nebularis

Vogel, David and Pauwels, 2004

Trimeresurus is a genus of venomous pit vipers native to Asia, commonly known as green or Asian palm pit vipers. Trimeresurus comprises 58 recognized species as of 2026, with members primarily found across South, Southeast, and East Asia, including India, China, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, and some Pacific islands. These snakes are arboreal, often perching on branches or vegetation, and are mostly green in color, though some species display yellow, red, black, or blue markings. They are ambush predators, feeding on lizards, amphibians, birds, rodents, and other small mammals

Mangrove pit viper Trimeresurus purpureomaculatus, commonly known as the mangrove pit viper or shore pit viper, is a venomous species of pit viper in the family Viperidae. This arboreal snake typically measures 66–90 cm in total length, with males averaging around 66.5 cm and females up to 90 cm. Its coloration is highly variable, ranging from olive or grayish green to dark purplish brown dorsally, often with darker markings, and a paler venter that may be whitish, greenish, or brownish.

The head is distinctively triangular with heat-sensing loreal pits characteristic of pit vipers. As a nocturnal ambush predator, it primarily feeds on small mammals, birds, lizards, and frogs, employing venom to subdue prey. Trimeresurus purpureomaculatus is a species of venomous pit viper.

This species inhabits mangroves and coastal forests, the Shore Pit Viper has a reputation for being unpredictable and should be approached with caution.

Common names include : mangrove pit viper, mangrove viper, and shore pit viper, purple-spotted pit viper.

This venomous snake can strike far and rapidly and can be aggressive giving no warning signs, this snake will strike readily at any threat, and its powerful haemotoxic venom can cause serious illness or even kill. By day it can be found resting on low branches one or two metres from the ground. When distressed, it has been observed to shake its tail vigorously against the vegetation, creating a rattling sound.

Body color highly variable : above olive, grayish, to dark purplish brown; below whitish, greenish or brown, uniform or spotted with brown; a light line on scale row one bordering ventrals present or absent; head olive, heavily suffused with brown.

Males grow to a total length of 66.5 centimetres (26.2 in), females 90 centimetres (35 in). The maximum tail lengths are then 12.5 centimetres (4.9 in) and 14 centimetres (5.5 in) respectively.

Scales in 25-27 longitudinal rows at midbody; 11-13 upper labials, the first partially or completely united with the nasal; supraocular very narrow, sometimes broken into small scales, 12-15 scales between them; head scales small, subequal, tuberculate or granular; temporal scales keeled.

Ventrals : males 160-179, females 168-183; subcaudals: males 74-76, females 56-63, paired; hemipenes without spines. The species ranges from India and Burma, through Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia to Singapore and Sumatra.

It feeds on lizards, frogs and other small animals, possibly small birds. Like other vipers, it has heat-sensing pits on its lips to detect its prey. A case of envenoming by the shore pit viper (Trimeresurus purpureomaculatus) that showed clinical improvement when treated with the Indian (Haffkine) polyvalent antivenom.

Severe envenoming by the shore pit viper can lead to marked local effects such as extensive swelling and tissue necrosis. The Indian (Haffkine) polyvalent antivenom contains antibodies against 4 common venomous snakes in India, namely the Indian cobra, common krait, Russell's viper, and sawscaled viper.

​Remember .... always keep a Safe distance of a least 3 meter away when you came accross any species of snakes unless you are familiar and confirm sure of the species that you had came accross is non venomous or mildly venomous. ​Even though if it is a non venomous species it will still gives you a painful bite if it is been provoke..

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​Precaution in maintaining at safe distance is necessary.

Phylum : Chordata

Class : Reptilia

Order : Squamata

Suborder : Serpentes

Family : Viperidae

Genus : Trimeresurus

Species : T. purpureomaculatus

Binomial name : Trimeresurus purpureomaculatus

(Gray, 1832)

Tropidolaemus, the temple pit vipers, is a genus of venomous pit vipers in the subfamily Crotalinae of the family Viperidae. Member species are native to southern India and Southeast Asia. Five species are recognised as being valid, and none of these species has subspecies.

Tropidolaemus belongs to the subfamily Crotalinae of the family Viperidae and is commonly referred to as temple pit vipers due to their frequent presence near temples in Southeast Asia. These snakes are venomous and primarily arboreal, with prehensile tails that aid in climbing. They are sexually dimorphic, with females growing up to 1 meter (39 inches) and males typically reaching around 75 cm (29.5 inches). Their heads are broad and triangular, contrasting with relatively thin bodies, making them easily recognizable.

Tropidolaemus wagleri, more commonly known as Wagler's pit viper, is a species of venomous snake, a pit viper in the subfamily Crotalinae of the family Viperidae. The species is endemic to Southeast Asia. There are no subspecies that are recognized as being valid. It is sometimes referred to as the temple viper because of its abundance around the Temple of the Azure Cloud in Malaysia.

The Wagler's pit viper is sexually dimorphic : Females can grow to approximately 1 m (39+1⁄4 in) in total length (including tail), their bodies being black with yellow stripes. Males, on the other hand, typically do not exceed 75 cm (29+1⁄2 in). Males have large triangular-shaped heads, with relatively thin green bodies. They are almost entirely arboreal, and their tails are prehensile to aid in climbing.

They are found in a wide variety of colors and patterns, often referred to as "phases". In the past, some researchers classified the different phases as subspecies. The phases vary greatly from having a black or brown coloration as a base, with orange and yellow banding, to others having a light green as the base color, with yellow or orange banding, and many variations therein.

Wagler's Pit Viper, or Temple Pit Viper, is perhaps the commonest pit viper in Southeast Asia. It occurs in lowland forest, either primary or secondary, and in some coastal regions may occur in mangrove.

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Pit vipers are all venomous, however Wagler's Pit Viper is generally not considered to be aggressive. In the field, these snakes are most easily identified by their markedly triangular head.

Wagler's Pit Viper is generally found resting on low vegetation, but a careful search may also locate the species at mid-canopy level many metres above the ground.

Individuals may remain on the same branch for many days, either as they digest a recent meal, or as they lie in wait for their next meal. Prey is detected at night by means of the heat-sensing pits which occur on either side of the head. Rodents, such as arboreal rats, and birds reportedly make up the bulk of their diet.

Juveniles and males have a slender, lime green dorsum sparsely patterned with pairs of small coloured spots or short bars either side of the vertebral line : these spots or bars are partly red and partly cream (longer bars may possibly indicate a juvenile female). There is a bicoloured stripe passing through the eye which comprises a thick red stripe below, and a thin white stripe above. The end of the tail is reddish brown.

In females the body is more thickset, dark above and pale yellow to white below. Numerous irregular pale yellow bands cross the body, and there is a thick dark stripe along the side of the head. The top of the head is mainly black. This species occurs in southern Thailand, southern Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore and parts of Indonesia including Sumatra and adjacent smaller islands, and the Riau Archipelago.

Other names :

Wagler's Temple Pit viper,

Wagler's Pit Viper, Temple Viper, Bamboo Snake, Speckled Pit Viper

Chinese name :

甲蝮蛇, 韋氏竹葉青, 廟蛇, 瓦氏棕櫚蝮, 黑綠烙鐵頭,

​蝮蛇亞科 (Crotalinae)

The Bornean Keeled Pit Viper T. subannulatus, was once considered to be a form of Wagler's Pit Viper, but is now considered a separate species.

Phylum : Chordata

Class : Reptilia

Order : Squamata

Suborder : Serpentes

Family : Viperidae

Subfamily : Crotalinae

Genus : Tropidolaemus

Wagler, 1830

Species : Tropidolaemus wagleri

Shot at Chestnut Nature WCT on 22 Aug 2018

Rhabdophis is a genus of snakes in the subfamily Natricinae of the family Colubridae. Species in the genus Rhabdophis are generally called keelback snakes, and are found primarily in Southeast Asia.

Rhabdophis rhodomelas, the blueneck keelback or blue-necked keelback, is a species of snake in the subfamily Natricinae of the family Colubridae. 

It is found in the Malay Peninsula (southern Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore), Borneo (Sarawak and Sabah, Malaysia; Kalimantan, Indonesia), and in the western parts of the Indonesian Archipelago (Sumatra, Java, Bangka Island).

Rhabdophis rhodomelas is an uncommon species found in lowland forest near streams and rivers at elevations less than 200 m (660 ft) above sea level. It is oviparous, laying up to 27 eggs per clutch. 

When disturbed, the Blue-Necked Keelback will rear up and flatten its neck like the Cobra. A whitish discharge, secreted by glands under the skin, oozes onto the blue patch of the neck-the purpose of this phenomenon is still a mystery." 

The Blue-necked Keelback , this attractively patterned snake occurs in lowland primary and mature secondary rainforest, with a preference for areas near forest streams and swamps. Reportedly it also inhabits waterlogged, grassy areas.

It is easily identified by the dark chevron on the nape of the neck, and by the light bluish-grey neck. The body is orange-brown to pinkish-brown with faint, oblique barring.

The head is slightly larger than the neck, and the eyes of moderate size. Body scales are strongly keeled, and the vertebral scale row is enlarged and darker in colour.

The species is terrestrial and semi-aquatic in habits, though there is a record of a juvenile found coiled on a leaf about a metre from the ground. Their prey comprises mainly frogs.

The species has been be proven to be venomous and should be treated with caution. Individuals are generally not aggressive unless provoked.

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The Blue-necked Keelback ranges form southern Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia to Singapore and the islands of Sumatra, Java and Borneo

This species is both venomous and poisonous. The Blue-necked Keelback (Rhabdophis rhodomelas) is both venomous and poisonous. It secretes venom into its saliva and can sequester toxins from toads it consumes,

It possesses the ability to store toad toxins in its nuchal glands, which can be released in a bite, potentially causing serious harm to humans.

While it has not been recorded to kill anyone, there have been cases of severe envenomation and symptoms such as muscular weakness and slurred speech following bites. This combination of venom and stored toxins provides a defense mechanism against predators, making it a potentially dangerous snake to handle.

Phylum : Chordata

Class : Reptilia

Order : Squamata

Suborder : Serpentes

Family : Colubridae

Genus : Rhabdophis

Species : R. rhodomelas

Binomial name : Rhabdophis rhodomelas

(H. Boie, 1827)