T7 : 20-12-25 

​Kalophrynus is a genus of small- to medium-sized frogs varying by species measuring under 40mm (1.5 inches) in length, though larger ones can reach up to 60mm (2.4 inches) is a species of frog commonly known as Asian sticky frogs. Males are typically smaller than females and they belong to the family Microhylidae, with the sole genus in the subfamily Kalophryninae. 

Kalophrynus known as sticky frogs, are distributed across Southeast Asia and parts of South Asia, inhabiting moist forests from India and China through mainland Southeast Asia (Thailand, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia) down to the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and the Philippines, with specific species like K. intermedius endemic to Borneo and K. limbooliati in Singapore/Malay Peninsula. 

Kalophrynus frogs are nocturnal, leaf-litter dwellers known for their stocky build triangular bodies, relatively small head, pointed snouts, short slender hind limbs and sticky skin. They are known as "sticky frogs" because their skin contains macro-glands that can secrete a sticky substance as a defense mechanism.

Kalophrynus genus are small, insectivorous frogs in the Microhylidae family, thriving in Southeast Asian rainforests. Body colour of this frogs include brown/orange coloring, a pale lateral stripe, camouflage, and often distinctive black spots (ocelli) in the groin area, with calls ranging from whistles to "whoops". 

They are typically terrestrial or subfossorial (burrowing) and are found in various environments, including montane cloud forests and forest reserves.

The genus displays diverse reproductive strategies, with some species breeding in open ponds, others in micro-water bodies like tree holes, and some having endotrophic (non-feeding) tadpoles.

The Kalophrynus limbooliati is a species of frog commonly known as the Lim's Black-spotted Sticky Frog or Johor Tiny Sticky Frog is a nocturnal amphibian native to the Malay Peninsula, including Singapore.

It has a distinct, flat, and triangular-shaped body, with a pale brown or grey back separated from its sides by a thin pale stripe and is capable to camouflages itself well in the forest leaf-litter. It can grow to approximately 2.6–2.8 cm in length (snout to vent). A key identifier is a black spot in its groin area, which is usually hidden by its thigh when crouching.

As its common name suggests, when threatened, it can exude a sticky, glue-like substance from its skin to deter predators. This species is nocturnal and solitary, primarily found in the leaf litter of primary rainforests. Its coloration provides excellent camouflage against the forest floor.

Interestingly, the tadpoles of the Kalophrynus limbooliati often develop in small accumulations of water found in tree holes or even the cups of pitcher plants (Nepenthes sp). The frog's advertisement call is described as a long, high-pitched whistle or a softly repeated "whoop, whoop" that can be heard in the evening. 

In Singapore, the Lim's Black-spotted Sticky Frog is confined to the Central Nature Reserves, including Bukit Timah and the Central Catchment areas. It was first formally described as a distinct species in 2012, previously, it was often confused with the more widespread Kalophrynus pleurostigma. 

Phylum : Chordata

Class : Amphibia

Order : Anura

Family : Microhylidae

Subfamily : Kalophryninae

Mivart, 1869

Genus : Kalophrynus

Tschudi, 1838

Species: Kalophrynus limbooliati 

Matsui, Nishikawa, Belabut, Norhayati, and Yong, 2012

PRP : 13-07-25

Lithobates is a taxonomic genus within the family Ranidae (true frogs). Many of the species now classified under Lithobates were previously classified under Rana. Lithobates frogs are generally medium to large frogs with smooth skin, long legs, and distinct tympana (eardrums).

The American bullfrog, scientifically known as (Lithobates catesbeianus) is an invasive species native to eastern North America, but has been introduced to many other regions worldwide. They are known for their large size, voracious appetite, and ability to thrive in diverse environments, leading to negative impacts on native ecosystems.

It typically inhabits large permanent water bodies such as swamps, ponds, and lakes. Bullfrogs can also be found in manmade habitats such as pools, koi ponds, canals, ditches and culverts. American bullfrogs are one of the largest frog species, which contributes to their predatory nature. They are opportunistic predators, consuming a wide range of prey including insects, fish, other amphibians, reptiles, small mammals, and even small birds.

Their introduction to new regions has caused significant ecological damage, competing with native species for food and habitat leading to population declines in species they prey on. American bullfrogs can adapt to various habitats and climates, making them difficult to control and can also carry and transmit diseases that affect native amphibians.

The American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) is considered to be one of the most harmful invasive species which overall threatens native amphibians. 

The dorsal (upper) surface of the bullfrog has an olive-green basal color, either plain or with mottling and banding of grayish brown, ventral (under) surface is off-white blotched with yellow or gray. Often, a marked contrast in color is seen between the green upper lip and the pale lower lip. The teeth are tiny and are useful only in grasping.

The eyes are prominent with brown irises and horizontal, almond-shaped pupils. The tympana (eardrums) are easily seen just behind the eyes and the dorsolateral folds of skin enclose them. The limbs are blotched or banded with gray. The fore legs are short and sturdy and the hind legs are long. The front toes are not webbed, but the back toes have webbing between the digits with the exception of the fourth toe, which is unwebbed.

Their presence as a food source has led to bullfrogs being distributed around the world outside of their native range. Bullfrogs have been introduced into the Western United States, South America, Western Europe, China, Japan, South Korea and southeast Asia. In these places they are considered an invasive species due to their voracious appetite and the large number of eggs they produce, which has a negative effect on native amphibians, certain insects and other fauna.

Bullfrogs are very skittish which can make their capture difficult and thus they often become established. Other than for food, bullfrogs are also used for dissection in human science classes. Albino bullfrogs are sometimes kept as pets, and bullfrog tadpoles are often sold at ponds or fish stores.

Bullfrogs are sexually dimorphic, with males being smaller than females and having yellow throats. Males have tympana larger than their eyes, whereas the tympana in females are about the same size as the eyes.

Bullfrogs measure about 3.6 to 6 in (9 to 15 cm) in snout–to–vent length. They grow fast in the first eight months of life, typically increasing in weight from 5 to 175 g (0.18 to 6.17 oz), and large, mature individuals can weigh up to 500 g (1.1 lb).

The bullfrogs have a prolonged breeding season with the males continuously engaging in sexual activity throughout, breeding season typically lasts two to three months.July. The territorial males that occupy sites are usually spaced some 3 to 6 m (9.8 to 19.7 ft) apart and call loudly.

At least three different types of calls have been noted in male bullfrogs under different circumstances. These distinctive calls include territorial calls made as threats to other males, advertisement calls made to attract females, and encounter calls which precede combat.

Phylum : Chordata

Class : Amphibia

Order : Anura

Family : Ranidae

Genus : Lithobates

Species : L. catesbeianus

Binomial name : Lithobates catesbeianus

(Shaw, 1802)

T15 : 26-06-25

Eleutherodactylus, refers to a genus of frogs commonly known as robber frogs or rain frogs within the family Eleutherodactylidae. It has a sharp, high-pitched, insect-like calls.

Key feature of Eleutherodactylus frogs is their direct development. Unlike most frogs, they do not have an aquatic larval stage (tadpole), instead the eggs hatch into miniature versions as small froglets rather than tadpoles. The genus is quite diverse, with numerous species found in the Americas, particularly in the Caribbean and Central and South America.

The genus Eleutherodactylus is one of the most species-rich frog genera, with over 200 recognized species. They are found in a wide range of habitats, from rainforests and cloud forests to more arid environments.

Some Eleutherodactylus species face threats from habitat loss and invasive species, and some are listed as critically endangered. Most species are small, slender, and cryptically colored, with three to five free toes. 

A few, such as the web-footed coquí (E. karlschmidti) of Puerto Rico, do have completely webbed feet.

It is native to Cuba, the Bahamas, and the Cayman Islands, and it has been introduced to other areas, such as Florida, Hawaii, Guam, Hong Kong and Shenzhen.

The greenhouse frog, Eleutherodactylus planirostris is a species of frog in the family Eleutherodactylidae, it is a small, invasive frog species that has been introduced to various locations, including Singapore.

It was first recorded in 2016 in Sembawang. These frogs are often found in urban and suburban areas, thriving in places like gardens and backyards. They are easily overlooked due to their small size and cryptic coloration.

The greenhouse frog is a very small species, ranging from 17 to 31 mm (0.67 to 1.22 in) in length. These frogs are usually Brown with reddish or orange tones, sometimes with longitudinal stripes or mottled patterns. The undersides of both are a paler colour than the back, and the eyes are red, they are often found in leaf litter under debris and hidden in soil of tree burrows.

The unusual and unique in greenhouse frog is that its eggs are not laid in water or in a frothy mass as is the case in some tree frogs, instead, the eggs are enclosed in a thick membrane and laid singly in concealed, damp locations, such as beneath a log, buried in debris, or even under a flower pot.

They pass through their tadpole stage while still in the egg, and emerge as fully developed juvenile frogs about 5 mm (0.20 in) long with a short tail that soon gets reabsorbed.

In warm conditions, hatching may occur on the 13th day of development. The tadpoles have an "egg tooth" on the end of their snouts to help them to emerge from the egg case. It's diet consists of small invertebrates, such as ants, beetles, mites, spiders, and roaches.

​

Phylum : Chordata

Class : Amphibia

Order : Anura

Family : Eleutherodactylidae

Genus : Eleutherodactylus

Species : E. planirostris

Binomial name : Eleutherodactylus planirostris

(Cope, 1862)

Synonyms :

Eleutherodactylus planirostris ssp. casparii (Schwartz, 1965)

Frasers Hill : 24-28-05-25

Metaphrynella are small genus of microhylid arboreal frogs that have plump bodies and adhesive finger and toe tips inhabit from the southern Malay Peninsula and Borneo. They are sometimes known as the Borneo treefrogs or tree hole frogs. The common name refers to the microhabitat of these frogs, males call from tree holes and tadpoles develop in the water contained in those holes.

Metaphrynella pollicaris the Malayan treefrog or Malaysian tree-hole frog is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae. It is endemic to Peninsular Malaysia often in montane forest areas up to about 2000 meters in elevation. They are known for their connection to treeholes, using them as breeding sites and developing in the water within those holes spending most of their time in trees.

Males measure 24–41 mm (0.94–1.61 in) and females 27–28 mm (1.1–1.1 in) in snout–vent length. Dorsum is dark olive-brown above, with a variable patterning. Tympanum is hidden. Finger tips are expanded into large disks. 

Males call from inside tree holes, and the pitch of their call can be adjusted to match the acoustics of the chosen hole, allowing for effective communication over long distances.

Metaphrynella pollicaris is part of the genus Metaphrynella, which also includes other treehole frog species, such as Metaphrynella sundana. Their natural habitat includes evergreen rainforests and forest edges. 

They are known to live in and reproduce within tree holes and bamboo hollows, utilizing the water inside these structures. While they can be found at lower elevations (as low as 550 m), they are more common at higher altitudes, particularly above 900 m.

Phylum : Chordata

Class : Amphibia

Order : Anura

Family : Microhylidae

Genus : Metaphrynella

Species : M. pollicaris

Binomial name : Metaphrynella pollicaris

(Boulenger, 1890)

Frasers Hill : 24-28-05-25

Theloderma is a genus of frogs in the family Rhacophoridae, subfamily Rhacophorinae. Common names include, bug-eyed frogs, mossy frogs or warty frogs. They are found from northeastern India and southern China, through Southeast Asia, to the Greater Sunda Islands, the highest species richness is in Indochina.

They are medium to small-sized frogs with maximum snout–vent lengths that range from 2 to 7.5 cm (0.8 to 3.0 in) depending on species, and their skin can be smooth, warty or tuberculated.

The genus includes species that are contrastingly marked, but most are very well-camouflaged, resembling plant material (typically bark or moss) or bird droppings.

Theloderma asperum, commonly known as the pied warty frog, hill garden bug-eyed frog, or bird poop frog, is a small, tree-dwelling frog in the family Rhacophoridae. This frog is 25–35 mm long in snout-vent length. The skin of the dorsum is black with white warts, causing the frog to resemble bird droppings.

It's characterized by its red-brown body, mud-white sides with red spots, and dark red eyes, it has disks on its toes for climbing, unlike other frogs in Theloderma, this frog does not have vomerine teeth.

Theloderma asperum it's a tree bark mimic and breeds in water-filled tree holes, in pools of rainwater, and in other water-filled objects. The tadpoles are gray in color. It is found in parts of Southeast Asia, including northeastern India, Burma, China, Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia as well as Sumatra in Indonesia.

It inhabits Tropical and subtropical submontane forests, where they are often found perched on short plants or tree stumps and are known for their ability to camouflage themselves against tree bark.

The frog has been observed between 0 and 1400 meters above sea level. The frog is cryptic and hard for people to spot, but scientists think it spends a great deal of time in water-filled holes in trees.

They are thought to be primarily insectivorous and may display defensive behaviors, such as folding into a ball when frightened. 

While not currently considered endangered, they may be vulnerable to habitat loss due to deforestation.

However, because of confusion with Theloderma albopunctatum and Theloderma baibungense, it is known with certainty from its type locality in Peninsular Malaysia.

Phylum : Chordata

Class : Amphibia

Order : Anura

Family : Rhacophoridae

Genus : Theloderma

Species : T. asperum

Binomial name : Theloderma asperum

(Boulenger, 1886)

Synonyms

Ixalus asper Boulenger, 1886

Rhacophorus asperrimus Ahl, 1927 Philautus albopunctatus Liu and Hu, 1962

Frasers Hill : 24-28-05-25

Zhangixalus is a genus of frogs in the subfamily Rhacophorinae, family Rhacophoridae. They are collectively known as Zhang's treefrogs occur in the Eastern Himalayas, southern China, Taiwan, Japan, and southeast Asia.

Zhangixalus are relatively large frogs, ranging between 30 and 120 mm (1.2 and 4.7 in) in snout–vent length, but typically more than 50 mm (2.0 in). There are currently 41 species within the Zhangixalus genus.

The name of the genus honors Zhang Ya-Ping from the Chinese Academy of Sciences, in recognition to his contributions to biodiversity and evolution research in China, in combination with ixalus, a common generic root for treefrogs.

The Malayan flying frog (Zhangixalus prominanus) In Thai: ปาดเขียวตีนแดง, is a species of frog in the moss frog family (Rhacophoridae). It is found in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand.

Zhangixalus prominanus is an arboreal frog found in subtropical and tropical moist montane forests. They inhabit rivers, intermittent rivers, and intermittent freshwater marshes within these types of forest. They are typically observed between 250 and 1100 meters above sea level. The frog is typically green with dark brown and pale speckles on its head, back, and limbs. It has blue to turquoise flanks with sparse pale speckles, and a pale belly.

This is a largish flying frog, with females growing to a body length of up to 7.6 cm (about 3 in), and males reaching up to 6.2 cm in body length. Generally it is jade green on the back and somewhat translucent when small, and a prominent red blotch on the webbing extends between the third and fifth hind toes.

The snout is rounded. The terminal phalanges of fingers and toes are Y-shaped. Dorsal skin is smooth or scattered with small tubercles. Most species have green dorsal coloration.

Malayan flying frogs (Zhangixalus prominanus) mate through a process called amplexus, where the male holds onto the female's back while she lays eggs. This usually occurs in foam nests built on tree trunks near water. 

Breeding pairs create white foam nests on moist tree trunks and in drains. The female lays her eggs within the foam nest, and the male fertilizes them as they are laid. Tadpoles are greyish green and have no markings. Towards metamorphosis, they become greener. They lose their tails when they are about 30–33 mm long, and freshly emergent juveniles measure about 15 mm. The labial tooth row formula (LTRF) is 5(2-5)/3 in small tadpoles and 6(2-6)/3 in older ones.

These frogs are typically found in montane forests and are known to inhabit the canopy. They have a distinctive cartilaginous flap above the anus, which helps them to glide through the air.

The IUCN classifies this frog as least concern of extinction because of its large range and presumed large population. Its range includes protected parks, such as Endau-Rompin National Park, Taman Negara National Park, and Hala-Bala Wildlife Sanctuary.

Phylum : Chordata

Class : Amphibia

Order : Anura

Family : Rhacophoridae

Genus : Zhangixalus

Species : Z. prominanus

Binomial name : Zhangixalus prominanus

(Smith, 1924)

Synonyms :

Rhacophorus prominanus Smith, 1924

Rhacophorus tunkui Kiew, 1987

Frasers Hill : 24-28-05-25

Rhacophorus is a genus of frogs in the shrub-frog family Rhacophoridae, which, with the related Hylidae, is one of the two genera of true tree frogs. They are found in China, India, Japan, and throughout Southeast Asia, including the island of Borneo. Over 40 species are currently recognised.

Hylidae is a wide ranging family of frogs commonly referred to as "tree frogs and their allies". However, the hylids include a diversity of frog species, many of which do not live in trees, but are terrestrial or semiaquatic.

Most hylids show adaptations suitable for an arboreal lifestyle, including forward-facing eyes providing binocular vision, and adhesive pads on the fingers and toes. In the nonarboreal species, these features may be greatly reduced, or absent.

Rhacophorus bipunctatus is a frog species in the moss frog family (Rhacophoridae) found from eastern India into Southeast Asia, possibly to southeastern China and south to Malaysia.

Due to the identification problems surrounding this species, the eastern and southern limits of its range remain undetermined, all that is known is that the species certainly occurs in the border region of India, Bangladesh, China and Myanmar, its range might extend south to Malaysia, as similar frogs have been reported from Pahang.

This species is notable for having a highly confusing taxonomy, only in 2007, some degree of certainty about what kind of frog to which the name R. bipunctatus actually applies was achieved.

R. bipunctatus is a smallish tree frog with a pointed snout and body length of about 37–60 mm when adult, with females being larger than males. Its back is intensely green to violet-brown. The arms and legs have very faint darker bands. The sides, belly and toes are brilliant yellow. Behind the arms, there is almost always a conspicuous large black spot on the flanks, towards the hind legs there may be another one or two such spots, but very rarely the flank spots are absent entirely. The well-developed webbing of the toes is bright orange-red and not spotted. The eyes are dull green, sometimes with yellow rims.

The Twin-spotted Flying Frog (Rhacophorus bipunctatus) is a frog species in the moss frog family (Rhacophoridae) found specifically in the highlands and rainforests. This frog is known for its glinting eyes and webbed feet, which help it glide through the trees.

Rhacophorus bipunctatus common names include : Twin-spotted Flying Frog, Himalaya flying frog, Double-spotted tree frog, and Twin-spotted bushfrog, among others.

They are typically found in rainforests, particularly in the lower montane forests and highland areas. Twin-spotted Flying Frogs are known for their bright colors, including yellow-gold arms, and webbed feet that allow them to glide. These frogs lay their eggs in aerial foam nests made on tree branches above water and the tadpoles develop in the water below, it is also known as the Balu Flying Frog or Kinabalu Tree Frog.

Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland, intermittent rivers, freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marshes, plantations and rural gardens.

They are primarily found in primary forests at higher elevations, often above 1000 meters. Like other flying frogs, they have large, webbed feet and hands, as well as flaps of skin along their limbs, they can glide effectively from tree to tree by extending their webbed feet and toes which help them glide from high branches.

They are often found hiding in crevices between rocks near streams. Their diet mainly consists of insects and other small invertebrates. These frogs are known for their ability to glide through the air by spreading out their webbed feet and hands and using the flaps of skin on their limbs as a parachute.

Phylum : Chordata

Class : Amphibia

Order : Anura

Family : Rhacophoridae

Genus : Rhacophorus

Species : R. bipunctatus

Binomial name : Rhacophorus bipunctatus

Ahl, 1927

Synonyms :

Rhacophorus bimaculatus Boulenger, 1882 (non Peters, 1867 : preoccupied)

Rhacophorus htunwini Wilkinson, Thin, Lwin & Shein, 2005

Rhacophorus maculatus Anderson, 1871 (non J.E.Gray, 1830 : preoccupied)

Frasers Hill : 24-28-05-25

Xenophrys is a genus of amphibians in the family Megophryidae. They are found in southeastern Asia (including China and northeastern India) to Borneo. Their common name is strange-horned toads.

The Malayan horned frog (Xenophrys aceras) is a species of amphibian in the family Megophryidae found in Peninsular Malaysia and Thailand, and possibly in Indonesia. Its common name refers to its type locality, Bukit Besar in Perak state, Malaysia.

Common names : Perak horned toad, Malayan horned frog, Perak spadefoot toad and (In Thai: อึ่งกรายหัวมน)

Male Xenophrys aceras grow to snout-vent length of 48–57 mm (1.9–2.2 in) and females to 67–86 mm (2.6–3.4 in). They have smooth back with scattered warts and low ridges and short dermal projections on top of the eyelids (the "horn"). The dorsal colour is variable from grey, brown to bright orange; they usually have a triangular mark between the eyes. Ventral side is brown.

Its natural habitats are tropical moist lowland forests and moist montane forests. Tadpoles develop in forest streams. While it is a widespread species and classified by IUCN as of "Least Concern", it is potentially threatened by habitat loss.

Phylum : Chordata

Class : Amphibia

Order : Anura

Family : Megophryidae

Genus : Xenophrys

Species : X. aceras

Binomial name : Xenophrys aceras

(Boulenger, 1903)

Synonyms

• Megophrys aceras, George Albert Boulenger (1903)

• Megalophrys montana var. aceras, George Albert Boulenger (1903)

Sedim forest 22-25-08-24

Occidozyga is a genus of frogs in the family Dicroglossidae found in southeastern Asia between eastern India, southern China, and Java. They sometimes go under the common name Java frogs or floating frogs.

The frog family Dicroglossidae occurs in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia and Africa, with most genera and species being found in Asia. The common name of the family is fork-tongued frogs.

Its known distribution is restricted to Sumatra and Java, as well as Sipora and Simeulue islands. The true distribution of this species is therefore poorly known but likely to be wider, perhaps from India through Malaysia to southern China.

Its natural habitats are tropical moist lowland forests, rivers, intermittent freshwater marshes, and canals and ditches. It is threatened by habitat loss.

The Sumatran puddle frog (Occidozyga sumatrana) common name : Yellow-bellied Puddle Frog is a species of frog in the family Dicroglossidae. It might be endemic to Indonesia. However, it has often been confused with Occidozyga laevis, and was also for long considered to be its junior synonym.

Occidozyga sumatrana, the yellow bellied puddle frog is a small to medium-sized, semi-aquatic frog. Its body colour is olive-green to brownish or brown in coloration, mottling is common and there is often a pale orange patch behind the head. It has a stocky body and smooth skin, the hind legs muscular and hind feet fully webbed, head relatively small, vertebral stripes are sometimes seen, with some individuals having a white or orange stripe down the middle of their back. 

Occidozyga sumatranathe, the yellow bellied puddle frog is nocturnal and largely aquatic, often seen immersed in shallow water with its head and eyes above the surface. Its diet consists mainly of insects. This species is adapted to lowland wetlands and slow-moving waters such as puddles, ponds, and flooded rice fields in Southeast Asia. Its call, which sounds like a rubbery "ek-ek-ek" can be heard in the evening. 

The tadpoles are fully aquatic, and has a oval body and long narrow tail. They feed on detritus and microscopic plant matter and develop relatively quickly depending on environmental condition.

Phylum : Chordata

Class : Amphibia

Order : Anura

Family : Dicroglossidae

Genus : Occidozyga

Species : O. sumatrana

Binomial name : Occidozyga sumatrana

(Peters, 1877)

Sedim forest 22-25-08-24

Chirixalus is a genus of frogs in the moss frog family (Rhacophoridae). Formerly used to classify Asian species of Chiromantis and later synonymized with that genus, it was removed from synonymy and resurrected in 2020.

Chirixalus nongkhorensis, also known as the NongkhorAsian treefrog, Nongkhor pigmy tree frog, Nong Khor bushfrog, and Nongkhor foam-nest treefrog, is a species of frog in the family ​Rhacophoridae.

Chirixalus nongkhorensis occurs in a wide range of both open and forested habitats, often affected by human disturbance, at elevations of 78–1,660 m (256–5,446 ft) above sea level. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical or tropical moist montane forest, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, intermittent freshwater marshes, and heavily degraded former forest.

Breeding takes place around the rainy season adjacent to still bodies of water, the eggs are laid in foam nests attached to the underside of leaves overhanging water, to which the tadpoles drop upon hatching.

This species could be threatened by habitat loss, although it appears quite adaptable. It is present in a number of protected areas and is found in north-eastern India (Assam), Myanmar, Thaand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, and Peninsular Malaysia.

Phylum : Chordata

Class : Amphibia

Order : Anura

Family : Rhacophoridae

Genus : Chirixalus

Species : C. nongkhorensis

Binomial name : Chirixalus nongkhorensis

(Cochran, 1927)

Synonyms :

Philautus nongkhorensis Cochran, 1927

Rhacophorus (Chirixalus) nongkhorensis (Cochran, 1927)

Chiromantis nongkhorensis (Cochran, 1927)

Rhacophorus (Chirixalus) striatus Ahl, 1930

Chirixalus striatus (Ahl, 1930)

Sedim forest 22-25-08-24

Humerana is a genus of frogs in the family Ranidae from southern and southeastern Asia. It was originally proposed as a subgenus of Rana. It may belong to Hylarana.

Humerana miopus, also known as the Khao Wang frog or three-striped frog, Slashed-back Frog is a species of lowland forests where it frequents shallow pools and swampy areas. It has also been recorded in disturbed, riverine forest is a frog that was identified in 1918.

This species is known from southern Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia, and it is locally common.

The shape of this frog is typically ranid (i.e. like a 'true frog') and the body colour is highly variable, ranging from yellow or greenish-yellow to dark brown or greyish, the dorsolateral folds lighter.

Diagonal lines on the back blackish, upper lip white, limbs with more or less distinct dark cross-bars, back of thighs marbled black and grey. The distinguishing feature is the oblique scar-like lines on the dorsum of which there are typically three but there may be a more complex arrangement of numerous lines of varied length. 

These diagonal lines are apparent on late-stage tadpoles. The call of the adult frog is like a rapidly repeated dog's bark.

​

Phylum : Chordata

Class : Amphibia

Order : Anura

Family : Ranidae

Genus : Humerana

Species : H. miopus

Binomial name : Humerana miopus

(Boulenger, 1918)

Synonyms :

Rana miopus Boulenger, 1918

Sedim forest 22-25-08-24

Phrynoidis is a small genus of true toads, family Bufonidae. They are found in Mainland Southeast Asia and the Greater Sundas. They are sometimes known as the rough toads or river toads.

Phrynoidis are large toads, with a maximum female snout–vent length of 121–215 mm (4.8–8.5 in), depending on the species (males are smaller). 

Finger tips are dilated into keratinized, bulbous tips. Supernumerary palmar tubercles are present. The fingers have basal webbing. The tadpoles have large oral disc that is as wide as the body. Phrynoidis are terrestrial riparian habitat generalists. They lay very large egg clutches.

The Asian giant toad Phrynoidis asper, (In Thai: จงโคร่ง), sometimes referred to as the river toad, is a species of true toad native to Mainland Southeast Asia and the Greater Sundas.

Phrynoidis asper is a medium-large toad, but it is easily confused with its larger relative, the giant river toad (P. juxtasper).

Phrynoidis asper is generally a dark grey, green, black or brown in color, and is heavily covered in tubercles. Females can reach up to 14 cm (5.5 in) in snout–to–vent length and males up to 10 cm (3.9 in). They can be commonly found near stream and rivers.

This widespread toad inhabits lowland primary and mature secondary forest. At night it is active amongst rocks and on sandbanks by fast-flowing streams and rivers.

It ranges from eastern and peninsular Myanmar through peninsular Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia to the islands of Sumatra, Java and Borneo (IUCN, 2021).

Phylum : Chordata

Class : Amphibia

Order : Anura

Family : Bufonidae

Genus : Phrynoidis

Species : P. asper

Binomial name : Phrynoidis asper

(Gravenhorst, 1829)

Sedim forest 22-25-08-24

Chalcorana is a genus of frogs in the family Ranidae, "true frogs". They are found in Southeast Asia, from Thailand to Malay Peninsula and the Sunda Islands.

Chalcorana was originally introduced as a subgenus of Rana. It was often included in the then-diverse genus Hylarana, until Oliver and colleagues revised the genus in 2015, delimiting Hylarana more narrowly and elevating Chalcorana to genus rank.

Chalcorana are small to medium-sized frogs with a long head and bullet-shaped body. The upper lip is usually white. ​The limbs and the body are gracile. There are many accessory body glands. The dorsum is shagreened and with fine mottling. There may be small, round glands which may be tipped with spicules.

The dorsolateral folds are thin or consist of a line of warts. The diagnostic characters of Chalcorana are the first finger being no longer than the second one, large finger discs (at least twice the finger width), and humeral gland that is ⅓–½ of the length of the upper arm.

Chalcorana megalonesa is a species of true frog in the family Ranidae, the "true frogs". It is endemic to Borneo and is known from both Malaysia (Sarawak, Sabah) and Indonesia (Kalimantan).

It was split off from Rana chalconota (now Chalcorana chalconota) in 2009 by Robert Inger and colleagues along with a number of other species.

Chalcorana megalonesa, common name large white-lipped frog are moderately large-sized frogs : adult males measure 33–48 mm (1.3–1.9 in) and females 45–66 mm (1.8–2.6 in) in snout–vent length.

Body is moderately slender and legs are long. Dorsum is weakly granular. Colouration is mostly green. The snout is long and pointed. Finger and toe tips have adhesive disks. It is very similar to Chalcorana raniceps in colouration and general body shape but is clearly bigger in size.

Chalcorana megalonesa occurs in tropical moist lowland and swamp forest at elevations of 20–600 m (66–1,969 ft) above sea level.

Breeding takes place in small, permanent ponds and it can also be found in oil palm and forest concessions and appears to tolerate habitat disturbance.

Phylum  : Chordata

Class : Amphibia

Order : Anura

Family : Ranidae

Genus : Chalcorana

Species : C. megalonesa

Binomial name : Chalcorana megalonesa

(Inger, Stuart, and Iskandar, 2009)

Synonyms :

Rana megalonesa Inger, Stuart, and Iskandar, 2009

Hylarana megalonesa (Inger, Stuart, and Iskandar, 2009)

Sedim forest : 22-25-08-24

Pelobatrachus is a genus of frogs in the family Megophryidae. It was formerly synonymized with Megophrys until 2021, when it was revived as a distinct genus. They inhabit Southeast Asia, namely Singapore, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo and the Philippines. Their common name is clay horned toads.

The long-nosed horned frog (Pelobatrachus nasutus), In Thai: อึ่งกรายจมูกแหลม, also known as the Malayan horned frog or Malayan leaf frog is a species of frog restricted to the rainforest areas of southern Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia to Singapore, Sumatra, and Borneo. However, records from Thailand to the Sunda Shelf may apply to another, possibly unnamed species.

The Malayan Horned Frog has remarkable camouflage, its colour and form mimicking the leaf litter to be found on the forest floor. It is unlikely to be seen unless the frog moves to snatch some unwary prey.

This species is a large frog ranging from 100–120 mm in length. They are light to dark brown on the dorsal surface with varying patterns and camouflage very well with the forest floor. The throat is black-dark brown and diffuses into cream-yellow halfway along the ventral surface.

The upper eyelids and snout are drawn out into long triangular projections, forming what looks like "horns", giving them their common name. 

There are two pairs of dorsolateral skin folds running down this species back. One pair starts behind the eye and ends near the groin, the other pair starts at corner of the eye and ends roughly halfway between the armpit and groin.

The dorsum has randomly scattered, enlarged tubercles. Arms and legs are barred with skin folds and are mottled cream and different shades of brown. The toes are slightly webbed and the fingers are free from webbing. The tympanum is indistinct and the iris is golden brown.

This species lives in permanently damp and cool lowland and submontane rainforests among leaf litter.

Sexing adult Pelobatrachus nasuta is fairly straightforward once they’re older, but can be difficult on younger animals. Once the frogs are nearly mature they display obvious sexual differences.

Females are about 60% larger than males, much more rotund, and have a larger head in relation to their body than the opposite sex. Males are smaller, more slender,

Pelobatrachus nasuta will breed year round in small stream. The female lays the eggs in a long, spread out clump, the eggs develop very slowly and tadpoles are free swimming for almost 2 weeks. After this it can take anywhere from 4-7 months for the tadpoles to fully develop into froglets.

Tadpoles of this species have a unique mode of consumption. Their mouths are upturned and can only eat from the surface of the water.

Pelobatrachus nasuta is a ferocious predator. It uses it's cryptic coloration and unusual appearance to prey on a wide variety of unsuspecting animals on the forest ground. Typically they feed on arachnids, nestling rodents, lizards and other frogs. Aside from these usual prey items, they are also partial to crabs and scorpions, which happen to be their main source of food

The call is a loud, resonating, metallic "honk" or "henk". Breeding takes place in streams, female frogs attach the eggs to the underside of partially or full submerged rocks or logs.

The capsules are large and few in number. This species may lie still on the forest floor waiting for an unsuspecting prey item to pass by, they then lash out and engulf the prey. They typically feed on spiders, small rodents, lizards and other frogs.

This species is unlikely to get confused with any other genus of frog and can be distinguished from other species of the genera Pelobatrachus and Megophrys by the elongated nose and the two pairs of dorsolateral skin folds.

Phylum : Chordata

Class : Amphibia

Order : Anura

Family : Megophryidae

Genus : Pelobatrachus

Species : P. nasutus

Binomial name : Pelobatrachus nasutus

(Schlegel, 1858)

The frog family Dicroglossidae occurs in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia and Africa, with most genera and species being found in Asia. 

The common name of the family is fork-tongued frogs. The genus Limnonectes are also known as the fanged frogs because of their large teeth.

The Malesian frog, Malaysian river frog, Malaysian peat frog or peat swamp frog (Limnonectes malesianus) is a species of frog in the family Dicroglossidae. This semi-aquatic and nocturnal frog can be recognised by it's reddish brown to chocolate brown skin and the thin white line running between its eyes down its back, and its spiny tubercles around the eyes, the dark patch on its tympanum (eardrum) and skin folds on its back. It can be distinguished from similar species by the 'W'-shaped fold of skin behind its head.

The Malesian Frog can grow to 15 cm in length (females 10 cm), which makes it a big player in the international frog leg trade. Its natural habitats are shallow, gentle streams and nearby swampy areas including peat swamps, very flat alluvial forests, and overgrown plantations. It is becoming rare due to habitat loss (deforestation), and to a lesser extent, exploitation.

Peat swamp frog primarily feeds on insects, demonstrating a pronounced preference for insect larvae. This carnivorous diet enables it to thrive in diverse terrestrial and freshwater environments. Peat swamp frog is a medium-sized amphibian with a sturdy, robust build, it has smooth skin that is primarily mottled brown, providing excellent camouflage in its damp, leafy habitat. The legs are muscular and adapted for jumping, with webbed toes for swimming.

Males are distinguished by their larger size and the unique vocal sacs appearing as swollen areas at the corners of their mouths. Peat swamp frog is primarily nocturnal, exhibiting significant movement during the night, it demonstrates territorial characteristics, defending its space from intruders with aggressive postures and vocalizations.

Peat swamp frog is known for its unique reproductive tactic—amplexus, during which the male secures the female tightly for mating. The species tends to inhabit bodies of water, implying a likelihood for aquatic foraging activities.

Limnonectes malesianus has several widely recognized common names that vary by region and publication. Those names include : Malesian frog, Malaysian river frog, Malaysian peat frog, and peat swamp frog. In Singapore, it is referred to as the Singapore fanged frog or Singapore wart frog

Peat swamp frog (Limnonectes malesianus) is found on the Malay Peninsula (including extreme southern peninsular Thailand and Singapore), Java Sumatra, Borneo (Indonesia, Malaysia), and a range of islands on the Sunda Shelf (Pulau Kundur, Palau Gallang, Great Natuna Island, Sinkeo Island).

Singapore Wart Frog Limnonectes malesianus has most recently been assessed for The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species in 2021. Limnonectes malesianus is listed as Least Concern. Malesian frog Conservation status, Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)

Phylum : Chordata

Class : Amphibia

Order : Anura

Family : Dicroglossidae

Genus : Limnonectes

Species : L. malesianus

Binomial name : Limnonectes malesianus

(Kiew, 1984

Limnonectes is a genus of fork-tongued frogs of about 75 known species, but new ones are still being described occasionally. They are collectively known as fanged frogs because they tend to have unusually large teeth, which are small or absent in other frogs.

These frogs are found throughout East and Southeast Asia, most commonly near forest streams. Multiple species of Limnonectes may occupy the same area in harmony.

Large-bodied species cluster around fast rivers, while smaller ones live among leaf-litter or on stream banks.

The Indonesian island of Sulawesi is home to at least 15 species of this frog, only four of which have been formally described.

The lifecycles tadpoles of this genus have adapted to a variety of conditions. Most species (e.g. Blyth's river frog L. blythii or the fanged river frog L. macrodon) develop normally, with free-swimming tadpoles that eat food.

The tadpoles of the corrugated frog (L. laticeps) are free-swimming but endotrophic, meaning they do not eat but live on stored yolk until metamorphosis into frogs.

Before, L. limborgi was assumed to have direct development (eggs hatching as tiny, full-formed frogs), but more careful observations have showed it has free-swimming but endotrophic larvae; this probably applies to the closely related L. hascheanus, too.

L. larvaepartus is the only known species of frog that gives live birth to tadpoles. Parental care is performed by males.

Limnonectes plicatellus is a species of fanged frog in the family Dicroglossidae. It is found on the Malay Peninsula in Malaysia, Singapore, and southern Peninsular Thailand.

Other names : (Rhinoceros Frog or Penang Fanged Frog) In Thai: กบแรด

Its body colour is brown to orange brown, and the hind legs are sometimes greenish, with faint barring. A pale vertebral line may be present some individuals may have an orange stripe on their back.

L. plicatellus its body form is short and robust, with muscular hind legs. The dorsum bears numerous ridges running from the nape to the posterior of the body.

Dimorphism, males are larger than females, in the shape of the head; males the skull is considerably larger than in females, and there is a small, raised 'horn' on the top of the skull, which the female lacks.

Its natural habitats are small streams; it is associated with swampy puddles in primary and degraded rainforest. It is not considered threatened by the IUCN.

Limnonectes plicatellus Conservation status is under Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)

Phylum : Chordata

Class : Amphibia

Order : Anura

Family : Dicroglossidae

Genus : Limnonectes

Species : L. plicatellus

Binomial name : Limnonectes plicatellus

(Stoliczka, 1873)

Synonyms :

Rana plicatella Stoliczka, 1873

Euphlyctis plicatella (Stoliczka, 1873)

Ingerophrynus is a genus of true toads with 12 species. The genus is found in southern Yunnan andSoutheast Asia, from Myanmar and Indochina to peninsular Thailand and Malaya, Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Nias Island, Sulawesi, and the Philippines.

This genus was established after a major taxonomical revision of frogs in 2006. Ten of the species in this genus were formerly considered species of the genus Bufo, most of them in what had been known as the Bufo biporcatus group, the remaining ones were assigned to this genus based on molecular data.

In 2007 a new species, Ingerophrynus gollum, was added to this genus. The sister taxon of Ingerophrynus is Sabahphrynus. The diagnostic characters of the Bufo biporcatus group are the presence of supraorbital, parietal, and supratympanic crests, lack of a tarsal ridge, presence of vocal sacs but absence of melanophores in the surrounding muscle tissue, lack of tibial glands, lack supinator manus humeralis and adductor longus muscles, presence of paired crests on the vertebral column, rugose skull, squamosal bones with broad dorsal otic plates, and smooth palatine bones.

A true toad is any member of the family Bufonidae, in the order Anura (frogs and toads). This is the only family of anurans in which all members are known as toads, although some may be called frogs (such as harlequin frogs). The bufonids now comprise more than 35 genera, Bufo being the best known.

True toads are widespread and are native to every continent except Australia and Antarctica, inhabiting a variety of environments, from arid areas to rainforest. Most lay eggs in paired strings that hatch into tadpoles, although, in the genus Nectophrynoides, the eggs hatch directly into miniature toads.

All true toads are toothless and generally warty in appearance. They have a pair of parotoid glands on the back of their heads. These glands contain an alkaloid poison which the toads excrete when stressed. The poison in the glands contains a number of toxins causing different effects.

Bufotoxin is a general term. Different animals contain significantly different substances and proportions of substances. Some, like the cane toad Rhinella marina, are more toxic than others. Some "psychoactive toads", such as the Colorado River toad Incilius alvarius, have been used recreationally for the effects of their bufotoxin.

Depending on the species, male or female toads may possess a Bidder's organ, a trait unique to all bufonids except genera Melanophryniscus and Truebella. Under the right conditions, the organ becomes an active ovary.

The loss of teeth has arisen in frogs independently over 20 times. Notably, all members of Bufonidae are toothless. Another Anuran family with a comparable degree of edentulism is the family Microhylidae.

Ingerophrynus quadriporcatus is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It's common names are long-glanded toad, four-ridged toad and greater Malacca toad, it is found in Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Borneo (Sabah, Brunei, Sarawak, and Kalimantan), Sumatra, and the Natuna Islands.

The four-ridged toad (Ingerophrynus quadriporcatus) natural habitats are swamp forests, but it has also been found on rubber plantations. It breeds in standing water. 

Male Ingerophrynus quadriporcatus grow to a snout vent length of about 48 mm (1.9 in) and females to 53–63 mm (2.1–2.5 in). They have a distinct tympanum. The dorsum is dark or light brown above and on sides, usually uniform in colour, and without distinct markings. Ventral colour is yellowish brown, possibly with dark spots. 

Skin on top of head and body is covered with many conical spines. Ingerophrynus quadriporcatus may be common in suitable swampy habitats, but it is not abundant. It is threatened by habitat loss caused by expanding oil palm plantations, infrastructure development, and logging.

Phylum : Chordata

Class : Amphibia

Order : Anura

Family : Bufonidae

Genus : Ingerophrynus

Species : I. quadriporcatus

Binomial name : Ingerophrynus quadriporcatus

(Boulenger, 1887)

Synonyms : 

Bufo quadriporcatus Boulenger, 1887

Microhyla, commonly known as the rice frogs or narrow-mouthed frogs, is a genus of frogs in the family Microhylidae. It consists of 42 species of diminutive frogs.

Members of this genus are widespread from Ryukyu Is. in Japan, and throughout South-east Asia, (China, Sumatra, Java, Bali, Borneo, India and Sri Lanka).

The genus Microhyla is closely related to Glyphoglossus within the family Microhylidae. Members of the genus Microhyla began diversifying from the most common ancestor around 45 million years ago and this resulted in forming Metaphrynella and Microhyla. However, ascertaining the phylogenetic relationship of frogs within Microhyla has been difficult as many species are not monophyletic.

A 2021 study on the relationship between Microhyla and Glyphoglossus found that nine species within Microhyla actually belong to a separate lineage. They have been subsequently moved to the new genus, Nanohyla.

The painted chorus frog (Microhyla butleri), also commonly known as Butler's narrow-mouthed toad, Butler's pigmy frog, Butler's rice frog, Butler's ricefrog, noisy frog or tubercled pygmy frog, is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae. It is found in northeast India, Myanmar, southern China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, and Singapore.

Microhyla butleri is a tiny species of frog reaching up to a maximum size of just 2.5cm. It can be identified by the distinctive 'hourglass' patterning on the back. Its call is a soft, scratchy 'eh-eh'. This species is known for its secretive behavior, often hiding in leaf litter and grassy areas, making it easier to hear than to see.  

Microhyla butleri have skin that is smooth or with small smooth warts above. They are brownish on their back, pale reddish on the sides and limbs, and whitish beneath. Male Microhyla butleri grow to a snout-vent length of 21–23 mm (0.83–0.91 in) and females to 23–26 mm (0.91–1.02 in).

The Microhyla butleri, commonly known as the Painted Chorus Frog inhabits subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical or tropical moist montane forest, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, swamps, intermittent freshwater marshes, arable land, plantations, rural gardens, ponds, open excavations, and irrigated land.

Microhyla butleri is not considered threatened by the IUCN.

Phylum Chordata

Class : Amphibia

Order : Anura

Family : Microhylidae

Genus : Microhyla

Species : M. butleri

Binomial name : Microhyla butleri

Boulenger, 1900

Synonyms :

Microhyla boulengeri Vogt, 1913

Microhyla latastii Boulenger, 1920

Microhyla grahami Stejneger, 1924

Microhyla sowerbyi Stejneger, 1924

Microhyla cantonensis Chen, 1929

This species name Hylarana guentheri has been change to Sylvirana guentheri. 

Errata reason : This species has been moved to the genus Sylvirana (previously Hylarana).

Sylvirana is a genus of true frogs, family Ranidae, found in South and East Asia, from northeastern India in west to China in the north, Taiwan in the east, and Thailand in the south. Originally proposed as a subgenus of Rana in 1992, it has been considered both a full genus and a synonym of Hylarana. Its current recognition at generic level stems from molecular genetic analyses published in 2015.

Sylvirana are generally medium-size frogs with robust bodies. They have similar postocular masks as in Papurana. The upper lip is gray, off-white, or occasionally, mottled. The dorsum is shagreened with spicules, or it can be warty. The dorsolateral folds a medium-sized and well-developed, either pale or the same color as the dorsum. The flanks have dark coloration below lateral ridges that fades to pale with well-defined dark spots. Males have paired vocal sac that may be internal or external.

Sylarana guentheri (Günther's frog) is a species of frog in the family Ranidae. It was formerly placed in the genus Rana. It is found in China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly Cambodia and Laos, an introduced population is found on Guam.

Sylarana guentheri is not considered a threatened species by the IUCN. In China it has declined significantly in some parts of its range because of habitat loss and degradation, and over-consumption.

Conservation Actions : many protected areas support this species. No active conservation intervention appears necessary at present. It is a Class II protected species in Taiwan, Province of China. Monitoring of the population status appears warranted, especially where it appears to have declined and where it has been

introduced and continues to expand its range in Guam.

Günther's frog is a medium to large-sized frog that may grow up to 10 cm (3.9 in) in snout-vent length. The hind legs possess thick dark brown bars are about one and a half times as long as the body. It has vomerine teeth and a large tongue. It has a fold of skin on each side of its body, running from the eye down to the hip. This frog has a brown or yellow-brown back and a white belly. It can live as high as 1,100 metres (3,600 ft) above sea level. An alternate common name is Günther's Amoy frog, and the honorific is often spelled "Guenther's".

Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland, rivers, intermittent rivers, swamps, freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marshes, arable land, plantations, rural gardens, water storage areas, ponds, aquaculture ponds, irrigated land, seasonally flooded agricultural land, and canals and ditches. It's call is a loud double croak, typically emitted whilst floating in the water. This can easily be heard late afternoon to early evening.

The female frog lays eggs in rice fields and streams with still water. The tadpole is silver-white in color and has stripes running from its nose to its eye and a dark spot behind each eye. This frog produces (Val1)-bradykinin in its skin to deter predators. It also produces the antibiotics guentherin, brevinin-2GHa, brevinin-2GHb, brevinin-2GHc, and temporin-GH, which also appear on its skin.

Sylvirana guentheri is known to be host to the parasitic roundworm Angiostrongylus cantonensis, which can cause angiostrongyliasis in humans if consumed raw or undercooked intermediate hosts such as freshwater snails, crustaceans, or frogs.

This parasite's life cycle involves rats as definitive hosts and various intermediate hosts, including freshwater prawns/shrimp, crabs, flatworms, fish, sea snakes, frogs, toads, newts, lizards, centipedes, cattle, pigs, and snails. 

The potential for humans to become infected with Angiostrongylus cantonensis depends on the consumption of these intermediate or paratenic hosts, whether they are eaten, how frequently they are consumed, the preparation method, including whether eaten raw or undercooked, and whether consumed intentionally or accidentally.

The nematode parasite Angiostrongylus cantonensis (rat lungworm) has a complex life cycle involving rats (definitive hosts) and gastropods (intermediate hosts), as well as various paratenic hosts. Humans become infected and develop rat lungworm disease (neuroangiostrongyliasis) when they consume intermediate or paratenic hosts containing the infective parasite larvae.

Phylum : Chordata

Class : Amphibia

Order : Anura

Family : Ranidae

Genus : Sylvirana

Species : S. guentheri

Binomial name : Sylvirana guentheri

(Boulenger, 1882)

Synonym(s) :

 Hylarana guentheri (Boulenger, 1882)

 Rana elegans Boulenger, 1882

 Rana guentheri Boulenger, 1882

Hylarana belongs to the subfamily Raninae of the true frog family Ranidae. The generic name Hylarana derives from New Latin hyle ('wood' or 'forest') and rana ('frog'). Hylarana was previously considered to be a subgenus of the genus Rana.

It was recognized as a distinct genus in 2005. Several genera were further split from Hylarana in 2006, and then treated again as junior synonyms of Hylarana.

In 2015, Oliver et al. performed a major taxonomic re-assessment of Hylarana. Their taxonomic reassessment left just four of the former 80–100 species within the genus Hylarana sensu stricto. The rest were transferred to Abavorana, Amnirana, Chalcorana, Humerana, Hydrophylax, Indosylvirana, Papurana, Pulchrana, and Sylvirana.

Hylarana are small to large-sized frogs. Males have an average snout-vent length of 27 to 85 mm (1.1 to 3.3 in), while females range from 38 to 92 mm (1.5 to 3.6 in). The nares (nostrils) are oval in shape and covered by a flap of skin. The tympanum is visible but is not covered by a supratympanic fold. Vomerine teeth and a pineal ocellus (parietal eye) are present. The toes are webbed, but the fingers are not.

Former members of the genus Hylarana ranged from Sri Lanka to the Western Ghats of India, through Nepal and southern China and Taiwan, down to Southeast Asia to the Philippines and Papua New Guinea, in Northern Australia, and tropical Africa. Following taxonomic revisions, the genus is actually restricted to Southern and southeast Asia.

Hylarana glandulosa, commonly known as the rough-sided frog or the glandular frog, is a speciesof true frog in the genus Hylarana. The Rough-sided Frog (Hylarana glandulosa) occurs in lowland areas including primary and secondary rainforest, freshwater swamp forest and disturbed areas. The species is most often encountered at the margins of small streams or pools in flooded forest areas.

It is native to Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical or tropical swampland, rivers, freshwater marshes, caves, and plantations. It is not considered threatened by the IUCN. 

In Thailand, it is called h̄mā n̂ảm (Thai: หมาน้ำ; literally: water dog), because its call sounds like a barking puppy. This frog is moderately large, often with attractively patterned skin comprising dark brown blotches on a creamy background. 

The underside is pale. A key identifying feature is the large, brown external ear drum in the center of which is a creamy or buff spot. This feature helps to distinguish the Rough-sided Frog from the similar Golden-eared Rough-sided Frog Hylarana baramica in which the ear-drum and central spot are of different colour, generally light brown or yellow-orange. 

​

Though there may be variance in the dorsal colours and patterning, most specimens appear to possess dark lips distinctly patterned with bright cream or white spots. 

Phylum : Chordata

Class : Amphibia

Order : Anura

Family : Ranidae

Genus : Hylarana

Species : H. glandulosa

Binomial name : Hylarana glandulosa

(Boulenger, 1882)

Nyctixalus is a genus of frogs in the family Rhacophoridae. The common name is Indonesian tree frogs. They can be found in the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, the Philippines, and southern Vietnam.

Nyctixalus is the sister taxon of Theloderma. It has also been considered subgenus of Theloderma, but the most recent research treat it as a distinct genus. 

Nyctixalus are medium-sized frogs with adults being 30–40 mm (1.2–1.6 in) in snout–vent length. Their body and limbs have numerous spiny tubercles. Fingers are free or webbed at base. Vocal sac is always absent.

Nyctixalus pictus, also known as cinnamon frog, cinnamon treefrog, cinnamon bush frog, painted Indonesian treefrog, and white-spotted treefrog, etc., is a species of frog in the family Rhacophoridae.

This species is found in the Malay Peninsula (from extreme southern Thailand through Peninsular Malaysia to Singapore), Sumatra (Indonesia), Borneo and parts of the Greater Sunda Islands (Brunei, Malaysia, and Indonesia), and the Philippines.

It is nocturnal in habits, frequenting low vegetation where it waits for insects and other prey to pass. Its eggs are laid in water-filled tree hollows, or phytothelms, where the young tadpoles are able to develop in relative safety.

Its call comprises a quiet series of 'peeps', which can easily be mistaken as that of an insect. This species is a phytothelm breeder: tadpoles develop in tree holes (or similar structures). 

The tadpoles are quite distinctive : Tadpoles are dorsoventrally flattend. Viewed from above the tadpole’s body is broadly oval,  eyes are dorsally positioned, coloration is dark brown, the tail ends bluntly. The tail fin is relatively low. Size: up to 50 mm.  The tadpoles stage resembers sting ray due to it's eye positioning.

​

Nyctixalus pictus grows to about 35 mm (1.4 in) in snout–vent length; males are slightly smaller than females. The snout is obtusely pointed. The tympanum is distinct. The limbs are long and the finger and toe tips are dilated into large discs. The fingers have no webbing whereas the toes are partly webbed. Coloration is brown or reddish brown with white to yellow spots on the body.

Nyctixalus pictus occurs in the shrub and lower tree layers of primary and secondary forests, the tadpoles develop in arboreal water-filled cavities (including phytotelms) and in rotting logs.

Nyctixalus pictus is widespread but uncommon. Populations are threatened by habitat loss due to clearing of forests for agriculture and logging. Its range includes several protected areas. In Singapore, it is only found in the Bukit Timah and Central Catchment Nature Reserves.

The call of Nyctixalus pictus is described as a muffled tweet or a soft "poop". This call is a birdlike sound that can be heard in the forest at night, helping the frogs to communicate with each other. The call is a key feature that distinguishes Nyctixalus pictus from other similar species, as it is not easily confused with the calls of other frogs or birds in the area.

Nyctixalus pictus is widespread but uncommon. Populations are threatened by habitat loss due to clearing of forests for agriculture and logging. It's range includes several protected areas. In Singapore, it is only found in the Bukit Timah and Central Catchment Nature Reserves.

There are three species in the genus :

Nyctixalus margaritifer Boulenger, 1882

Nyctixalus pictus (Peters, 1871)

Nyctixalus spinosus (Taylor, 1920)

Phylum : Chordata

Class : Amphibia

Order : Anura

Family : Rhacophoridae

Genus : Nyctixalus

Species : N. pictus

Binomial name : Nyctixalus pictus

(Peters, 1871) 

Fejervarya is a genus of frogs in the family Dicroglossidae found in Asia. The name of Fejervarya honors Hungarian zoologist Géza Gyula Fejérváry. It was first introduced as subgenus of Rana and later placed as subgenus of Limnonectes, and was treated as an independent genus first in 1998.

These frogs are remarkable for being extremely euryhaline by amphibian standards. Species such as the crab-eating frog (F. cancrivora) can thrive in brackish water, and its tadpoles can even survive in pure seawater.

Fejervarya limnocharis is a species of field frog found in South East Asia and parts of Indochina. It is known under many common names, including Boie's wart frog, rice field frog, and Asian grass frog. Molecular studies of the species complex (after Boulenger) suggest that there may be multiple species involved.

In the field, Fejervarya limnocharis can be identified by its relatively pointed snout and flattened head (when compared to closely related species such as Fejervarya cancrivora). It has long toes on its hind legs and intermittent raised skin ridges on its dorsal surface.

Snout pointed, projecting beyond mouth. Canthus obtuse, loreal oblique, more or less concave, internarial space is longer than interorbital width, which is much less than width of the upper eyelid. Tympanum distinct, half to twothirds the diameter of eye. Fingers obtusely pointed, first longer than second, subarticular tubercles very prominent.

Tibiotarsal articulation reaches tympanum or naris. Toes obtuse or with slightly swollen tips, half webbed, subarticular tubercles small and prominent. Body with small tubercles, sometimes small longitudinal folds are present, ventrum smooth except belly and thighs which are granular posteriorly.

Male with loose gular region, with brown or blackish W-shaped mark, fore limbs stronger, with pad like sub digital tubercles under first finger. Snout-vent length 39–43 mm.

Color gray brown or olive above, sometimes suffused with bright carmine; a V-shaped dark mark between eyes, a yellow vertebral stripe mostly present; lips and limbs barred, a light line along calf, thighs laterally yellow, marbled with black, ventrum white, throat is mottled with brown in male. The species forms a complex with several genetic variants that may represent multiple species. 

Fejervarya limnocharis is commonly sold as food source in Southeast Asia, including Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia. In Cambodia, it is frequently collected for human consumption along with Hoplobatrachus rugulosus, Glyphoglossus molossus, Kaloula pulchra, Duttaphrynus melanostictus, and Pelophylax lateralis (with P. lateralis found only north of the Mekong River in localities such as Snuol District, Kratie Province).

Phylum : Chordata

Class : Amphibia

Order : Anura

Family : Dicroglossidae

Genus : Fejervarya

Species : F. limnocharis

Binomial name : Fejervarya limnocharis

(Gravenhorst, 1829)

Microhyla, commonly known as the rice frogs or narrow-mouthed frogs, is a genus of frogs in the family Microhylidae. It consists of 42 species of diminutive frogs.

Members of this genus are widespread from Ryukyu Is. in Japan, and throughout South-east Asia, (China, Sumatra, Java, Bali, Borneo, India and Sri Lanka).

Microhyla heymonsi, also known as the dark-sided chorus frog or the Taiwan rice frog, is a species of narrow-mouthed frog found in northeastern India, southern China, Taiwan, and Southeast Asia south to the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra as well as the Great Nicobar Island. It was originally described from Taiwan.

As microhylids in general, Microhyla heymonsi is a small frog : males reach 16–21 mm (0.6–0.8 in) and females 22–26 mm (0.9–1.0 in) in snout-vent length.

This tiny, terrestrial frog species lives near small puddles and ponds in rural areas and secondary forest. Its colour pattern is quite distinctive from other species of Narrow-mouthed Frog. The dorsal colour is pinkish or greyish above with a black lateral band extending from the snout tip to the groin and entirely covering the sides of the head.

It inhabits a variety of disturbed areas as well as secondary vegetation. It breeds in temporary rain puddles, paddy fields, ditches, marshes and slow-flowing streams. 

This species can be hard to find due to its small size and its habit of lying concealed in the grass or under leaf litter. Its call is a series of rapidly repeated clicking sounds.

Phylum : Chordata

Class : Amphibia

Order : Anura

Family : Microhylidae

Genus : Microhyla

Species : M. heymonsi

Binomial name : Microhyla heymonsi

Vogt, 1911

Polypedates is a genus of frogs in the family Rhacophoridae, the shrub frogs and Paleotropic tree frogs. They belong to subfamily Rhacophorinae. Members of this genus are collectively known as whipping frogs. They occur in eastern and southern Asia.

The delimitation of Polypedates versus the related Rhacophorus has been difficult. In former times, the present genus was often entirely included in Rhacophorus. However, molecular phylogenetic studies support the recognition of both genera. Polypedates + Taruga are considered to be the sister taxon of Feihyla + Rhacophorus.

Polypedates leucomystax is a species in the shrub frog family Rhacophoridae. It is known under numerous common names, including common tree frog, four-lined tree frog, golden tree frog or striped tree frog.

In its native range, it is also called "white-lipped tree frog", but this name is otherwise applied to a species of true tree frogs (family Hylidae). Polypedates leucomystax is not considered a threatened species by the IUCN. It is in fact a species complex containing various cryptic species within it.

The four line tree frog, Polypedates leucomystax natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland, rivers, intermittent rivers, freshwater lakes, intermittent freshwater lakes, freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marshes, freshwater springs, rocky shores, coastal freshwater lagoons, arable land, pastureland, plantations, rural gardens, urban areas, water storage areas, ponds, aquaculture ponds, irrigated land, seasonally flooded agricultural land, and introduced vegetation.

Polypedates leucomystax can reach approximately a snout–vent length of 3.7–5.0 centimetres (1.5–2.0 in) in males, of 5.7–7.5 millimetres (0.22–0.30 in) in females.

Body of these rather small shrub frogs is moderately slender, ovoid, slightly flattened above, with sharply pointed tail. The skin on the upper side is smooth. The body colour is rather variable, with various shades of gray, green, yellow, reddish or dark brown. Usually it is irregularly mottled, often with four stripes along the back. 

The tip of snout sometimes shows a distinct white spot. Eyes are at the side of the head. The hind feet are webbed. The feet have clear, large cushions as usual with leaf frogs. Its eye emits under uv lights.

The four line tree frog, Polypedates leucomystaxthey are nocturnal and more active in humid conditions, often found perching on vegetation near water bodies. This species is a host for several parasites, which can be transmitted to native species in areas where it has been introduced. Its adaptability to both natural and human-modified environments makes it relatively easy to locate in its range.

In the damp areas of the propagation, these frogs are present all year round. In drier environments, the period usually restricts to the beginning of the rainy season.

Polypedates leucomystax reproduces in damp areas above water, where females lay foam nests attached to leaves or other objects, eggs hatch after 3 to 4 days. Tadpoles drop into the water after hatching and mature in about seven weeks.

This species of tree frog Polypedates leucomystax is commonly kept in captivity in vivariums and terrariums by both hobbyists and professional and it is widely distributed across Southeast Asia, including countries like Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, and parts of southern China. It has also been introduced to some islands in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan, where it is considered an alien species.

Phylum : Chordata

Class : Amphibia

Order : Anura

Family : Rhacophoridae

Genus : Polypedates

Species : P. leucomystax

Binomial name : Polypedates leucomystax

(Gravenhorst, 1829)

Leptobrachium nigrops, also known as the black-eyed litter frog, is a species of amphibian in the family Megophryidae.

It is found in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical swamps, and rivers. It is threatened by habitat loss.

The Black-eyed Litter Frog is nocturnal and insectivorous, it dwells amongst the leaf litter of primary and mature secondary rainforest floor.

It can be identified by its large head and irregular mottled patterning, slender and short limbs and its large jet-black eyes. Its  body colour either grey or brown with black irregular blotches on back and sides, underside white with blackish specks. 

Its call is a loud, machine-gun like rattle. When disturbed it will assume a low crouch rather than attempt to flee. The species breeds in shallow forest streams and the tadpoles are large and black.

Phylum : Chordata

Class : Amphibia

Order : Anura

Family : Megophryidae

Genus : Leptobrachium

Species : L. nigrops

Binomial name : Leptobrachium nigrops

Berry & Hendrickson, 1963

Limnonectes is a genus of fork-tongued frogs of 91 known species, but new ones are still being described occasionally. They are collectively known as fanged frogs because they tend to have unusually large teeth, which are small or absent in other frogs.

These frogs are found throughout East and Southeast Asia, most commonly near forest streams. Multiple species of Limnonectes may occupy the same area in harmony. Large-bodied species cluster around fast rivers, while smaller ones live among leaf-litter or on stream banks. The Indonesian island of Sulawesi is home to at least 15 species of this frog, only four of which have been formally described.

Blyth's river frog, Blyth's frog, giant Asian river frog, or (ambiguously) giant frog, Limnonectes blythii, is a species of frog in the family Dicroglossidae found from Myanmar through western Thailand and the Malay Peninsula (Malaysia, Singapore) to Sumatra and Borneo (Indonesia). Earlier records from Laos and Vietnam are considered misidentifications.

Blyth's river frog is a large frog. Females grow to a snout–vent length of 90–260 mm (3.5–10.2 in) and males to 85–125 mm (3.3–4.9 in).

Large adults can weigh more than 1 kg (2.2 lb). The skin is smooth on the dorsum, with or without scattered tubercles or longitudinal skin folds. They are brownish, grey, or yellowish above and white or yellowish below. They may or may not have a vertebral stripe on their backs.

These frogs inhabit streams with gravel and rocks in primary and secondary evergreen forest. Males build a nesting hollow in a sandy stream bed area, and the tadpoles develop in streams. They can also be found far away from streams.

The major threat to this species is collection for food, both for local consumption and for trade. It is also locally impacted by habitat loss.

Phylum : Chordata

Class : Amphibia

Order : Anura

Family : Dicroglossidae

Genus : Limnonectes

Species : L. blythii

Binomial name : Limnonectes blythii

(Boulenger, 1920)

Limnonectes is a genus of fork-tongued frogs of about 75 known species, but new ones are still being described occasionally. They are collectively known as fanged frogs because they tend to have unusually large teeth, which are small or absent in other frogs.

These frogs are found throughout East and Southeast Asia, most commonly near forest streams. Multiple species of Limnonectes may occupy the same area in harmony. Large-bodied species cluster around fast rivers, while smaller ones live among leaf-litter or on stream banks. The Indonesian island of Sulawesi is home to at least 15 species of this frog, only four of which have been formally described.

Tadpoles of this genus have adapted to a variety of conditions. Most species (e.g. Blyth's river frog L. blythii or the fanged river frog L. macrodon) develop normally, with free-swimming tadpoles that eat food.

The tadpoles of the corrugated frog (L. laticeps) are free-swimming but endotrophic, meaning they do not eat but live on stored yolk until metamorphosis into frogs. 

Before, L. limborgi was assumed to have direct development (eggs hatching as tiny, full-formed frogs), but more careful observations have showed it has free-swimming but endotrophic larvae; this probably applies to the closely related L. hascheanus, too. L. larvaepartus is the only known species of frog that gives live birth to tadpoles. Parental care is performed by males.

​The fanged river frog, Javan giant frog, Malaya wart frog, or stone creek frog (Limnonectes macrodon) is a species of frog in the family Dicroglossidae endemic to Sumatra and Java, Indonesia.

Records from other regions are probably caused by misidentifying other species such as Limnonectes blythii as this species.

L. macrodon frogs live in forested areas near streams; they breed in streams. Their lowland forest habitat is declining in both the extent and quality, and this once common species is getting uncommon. It is widely collected for human consumption in Java, Indonesia, along with the crab-eating frog (Fejervarya cancrivora).

Phylum : Chordata

Class : Amphibia

Order : Anura

Family : Dicroglossidae

Subfamily : Dicroglossinae

Genus : Limnonectes

Species : L. macrodon

Binomial name : Limnonectes macrodon

(Duméril & Bibron, 1841)

Duttaphrynus, named after Sushil Kumar Dutta, is a genus of true toads endemic to southwestern and southern China (including Hainan), Taiwan and throughout southern Asia from northern Pakistan and Nepal through India and Bangladesh to Sri Lanka, Andaman Island, Sumatra, Java, Borneo and Bali.

These toads are characterized by heads with prominent, bony ridges, such as a canthal, a preorbital, a supraorbital, a postorbital ridge and a short orbitotympanic ridge. The snout is short and blunt; the interorbital space is broader than the upper eyelid; the tympanum is very small, not half the diameter of eye, and generally indistinct. 

The first finger of these toads extends beyond the second, the toes are half webbed with single subarticular tubercles, two moderate metatarsal tubercles, and no tarsal fold. 

The tarsometatarsal articulation reaches the eye, or between the eye and the tip of the snout. The upper surface features are irregular and distinctly porous warts with prominent parotoids. These are elliptical and two, or two and a half, times as long as they are broad. 

The toads are brown above and yellow beneath, marbled with brown. Males have a subgular vocal sac and are typically 3 in long.

Duttaphrynus melanostictus is commonly called Asian common toad, Asian black-spined toad, Asian toad, black-spectacled toad, common Sunda toad, and Javanese toad. It is probably a complex of more than one true toad species that is widely distributed in South and Southeast Asia.

The species grows to about 20 cm (8 in) long. Asian common toads larvae are found in still and slow-moving waterbodies, it breed during the monsoon in still and slow-flowing rivers and temporary and permanent ponds and pools and their tadpoles are black. Young toads may be seen in large numbers after monsoon rains finish.

Adults are terrestrial and may be found under ground cover such as rocks, leaf litter, and logs, and are also associated with human habitations. They are often seen at night under street lamps, especially when winged termites swarm. 

They have been noted to feed on a wide range of invertebrates, including scorpions. Tadpoles grown in sibling groups metamorphosed faster than those that were kept in mixed groups. Tadpoles have been shown to be able to recognize kin.

They have been recorded from sea level up to 1,800 m (5,900 ft) altitude, and live mostly in disturbed lowland habitats, from upper beaches and riverbanks to human-dominated agricultural and urban areas. They are uncommon in closed forests.

Phylum : Chordata

Class : Amphibia

Order : Anura

Family : Bufonidae

Genus : Duttaphrynus

Species : D. melanostictus

Binomial name : Duttaphrynus melanostictus

(Schneider, 1799) 

Kaloula is a genus of microhylid frogs found in southern and eastern Asia. They are sometimes known as the Asian narrowmouth toads.

The banded bullfrog (Kaloula pulchra) is a species of medium-sized, robust microhylid frog species native to Southeast Asia. This species can be recognized by its distinctive banded patterning and its distinctive call.

It is also known as the Asian painted frog, digging frog, Malaysian bullfrog, common Asian frog, and painted balloon frog.

In the pet trade, it is sometimes called the chubby frog. Adults measure 5.4 to 7.5 cm (2.1 to 3.0 in) Males have darker throats than females with females generally being larger than males.

The banded bullfrog (Kaloula pulchra) have a dark brown back with stripes that vary from copper-brown to salmon pink and cream stomachs. This frog is native to mainland Southeast Asia, it lives at low altitudes and is found in both urban and rural settings, as well as in forest habitats. They bury themselves underground during dry periods and emerge after heavy rainfall to emit calls and breed.

The banded bullfrog (Kaloula pulchra) hide under leaf litter during the day hours and eat in the evening, they are voracious eaters, feed primarily on ants and termites, besides it also feed on flies, crickets, moths, grasshoppers, earthworms and more; predators of adults and tadpoles include snakes, dragonfly larvae, and snails.

The species is prevalent in the pet trade and is a potential invasive species being introduced in Taiwan, the Philippines, Guam, Singapore, Borneo, and Sulawesi. They may live for as long as 10 years. Although prevalent in the pet trade, very little is known regarding its behaviour in the wild.

Like many other narrow-mouthed frogs, painted frogs have the ability to expand themselves when threatened, and to secrete toxic glue-like substances from their bodies as a defense mechanism. They are also able to survive dry conditions by burying themselves in the ground and waiting for rain.

These frogs are big eaters and are very slow. They are primarily ant specialists, consuming up to a couple hundred ants in one night, and can often be found sitting along an ant trail picking off individuals one by one.

Phylum : Chordata

Class : Amphibia

Order : Anura

Family : Microhylidae

Genus : Kaloula

Species: K. pulchra

Binomial name : Kaloula pulchra

Gray, 1831

Fejervarya is a genus of frogs in the family Dicroglossidae found in Asia. First proposed in 1915 by István József Bolkay, a Hungarian naturalist, the genus did not see widespread adoption at first. As late as the 1990s it was generally included in Rana, but more recent studies have confirmed its distinctness.

These frogs are remarkable for being extremely euryhaline by amphibian standards. Species such as the crab-eating frog (F. cancrivora) can thrive in brackish water, and its tadpoles can even survive in pure seawater.

The crab-eating frog (Fejervarya cancrivora) is a frog native to south-eastern Asia including Taiwan, China, the Philippines and more rarely as far west as Orissa in India. It has also been introduced to Guam, and was most likely introduced from Taiwan.

The Crab-eating Frog (Fejervarya cancrivora) can reach sizes of up to 70 mm in males and 80 mm in females, with some specimens reaching up to 120 mm.

The body color of F. cancrivora (crab-eating frog) varies from brown to gray, often featuring darker irregular blotches and black bars on the lips. The ventral surface is typically pale, and some specimens may have a vertebral stripe.

It inhabits mangrove swamps and marshes and is one of only 144 known modern amphibians which can tolerate brief excursions into sea water, and is possibly the only extant marine amphibian.

The crab-eating frog (F. cancrivora) is a nocturnal species and known for its loud rattling call often heard more than seen, especially after rain.

This frog can tolerate marine environments (immersion in sea water for brief periods or brackish water for extended periods) by increasing urea production and retention, and by remaining slightly hyperosmotic within urea and sodium flux. Adults can survive in salt water with salinity as high as 2.8%, and tadpoles can survive salinities as high as 3.9%.

The food sources of the crab-eating frog are mainly determined by the locally available prey. Near fresh water, its diet consists largely of insects. But in an environment with brackish water, small crustaceans, including crabs, form the main part.

In Southeast Asia, the crab-eating frog is locally hunted for food and is often farmed for its edible legs, including in Java, Indonesia.

Phylum : Chordata

Class : Amphibia

Order : Anura

Family : Dicroglossidae

Genus : Fejervarya

Species : F. cancrivora

Binomial name : Fejervarya cancrivora

(Gravenhorst, 1829)

Chalcorana is a genus of frogs in the family Ranidae, "true frogs". They are found in Southeast Asia, from Thailand to Malay Peninsula and the Sunda Islands.

Chalcorana was originally introduced as a subgenus of Rana. It was often included in the then-diverse genus Hylarana, until Oliver and colleagues revised the genus in 2015, delimiting Hylarana more narrowly and elevating Chalcorana to genus rank.

Chalcorana genus are small to medium-sized frogs with a long head and bullet-shaped body. The upper lip is usually white. The limbs and the body are gracile. There are many accessory body glands. 

The dorsum is shagreened and with fine mottling. There may be small, round glands which may be tipped with spicules. The dorsolateral folds are thin or consist of a line of warts. The diagnostic characters of Chalcorana are the first finger being no longer than the second one, large finger discs (at least twice the finger width), and humeral gland that is 1⁄3–1⁄2 of the length of the upper arm.

Chalcorana raniceps, also known as the copper-cheeked frog, white-lipped frog, or Peters' Malaysian frog, is a species of "true frog" in the family Ranidae. It is endemic to Borneo, including Brunei Darussalam, Kalimantan (Indonesia), and Sarawak (Malaysia) and also Singapore, although it is likely to occur more widely.

​Previously mixed with Chalcorana chalconota (treated as a junior synonym or a subspecies) and believed to have much wider distribution, its range was delimited to Borneo in the revision of "Rana chalconota" complex by Robert Inger and colleagues in 2009.

​Chalcorana raniceps are relatively small frogs : adult males measure 28–34 mm (1.1–1.3 in) and females 33–42 mm (1.3–1.7 in) in snout–vent length. ​Colouration is mostly green, sometimes with brown back. The snout is long and pointed. Finger and toe tips have adhesive disks. The thighs may be reddish undersides. It resembles Chalcorana megalonesa but is much smaller. Tadpoles are conspicuous with dark markings and red gills on light brown to yellow background; presumably, they are poisonous.

Chalcorana raniceps The Copper-cheeked Frog inhabits a broad range of lowland primary and secondary rainforest habitats, it primarily feeds on insects, including termites, ants, mosquitoes, and grasshoppers. 

They are often found in shallow streams and water bodies, where they rely on the health of these freshwater streams for survival. ​It breeds in ponds, intermittent streams, and quiet side pools of streams.

​

Phylum : Chordata

Class : Amphibia

Order : Anura

Family : Ranidae

Genus : Chalcorana

Species : C. raniceps

Binomial name : Chalcorana raniceps